Fact
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S. Hrg. 107-126 - The Putin Administration's Policies Toward Non-Russian Regions of the Russian Federation
Topics
Entities
Moderation
Speakers
Topics
No topics found
Entities
No entities found
Moderation
No moderation found
Speakers
Full Transcript
Joe Biden
I thank my colleague, Senator Helms, and the distinguished witnesses we have today for their patience. The Amtrak Metroliner was 20 minutes late today, and I do apologize.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0.44
Positive
Moderation
Harassment
1.3024687767
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0322007341
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0128136046
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0109441149
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0084089566
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0045324243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0013129361
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001156246
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.75915E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.20276E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.9876E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
56.7
Gunning-Fog Score
8.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
8.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.8
Sprache Readability Score
3.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
9
Sprache Difficult Word Count
9
Joe Biden
Today we will consider the topic that is fundamental to an understanding of the Russian Federation, that is the policy of the Moscow-based Federal Government toward the non-Russian regions of the country.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
14.5398885012
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
1.1952580884
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.7268283982
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.5592963658
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.2301072236
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0052579471
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.003474249
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0012626824
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002712585
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.57853E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.05516E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23
Gunning-Fog Score
18.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
13
Sprache Difficult Word Count
13
Joe Biden
Russia, as everyone knows is, in geographical terms, by far the largest country in the world. East to west, it spans 11 time zones. North to south, it goes from the frozen Arctic Tundra to the subtropical Black Sea coast. In terms of nationality, the Russian Federation is equally diverse. Although the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991 removed huge blocks of non-Russian peoples from Moscow's rule, nearly 19 percent of the Russian Federation's population remains non-Russian, and their birthrate exceeds the Russian.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.46634
VADER
0.103
Leans Positive
Moderation
Harassment
15.0085553527
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
2.6188882068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
1.2818137184
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
1.0437952355
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.4385085776
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.2035685815
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0493338797
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0033387809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0019354897
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0012645261
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.01101E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
57.9
Gunning-Fog Score
9.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.7
Automated Readability Index
10
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Joe Biden
Many of these nationalities have small populations. Others, like Tatars and Ukrainians, still number in the millions within the borders of the Federation, but there is not necessarily a direct correlation between their population size and their importance to the Kremlin. The Yakut population of Sakha in eastern Siberia is relatively small, but their vast homeland contains extremely valuable natural resources. More well known has been the ability of the Chechens, a small group of people in the Caucasus, to bring the entire Russian military machine to its knees.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
3.21888
VADER
0.96
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
6.3046805561
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
1.6574662179
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.7237678394
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.2916170051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.1999306725
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0079961472
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0052352818
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0019287478
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000513064
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004828685
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003123957
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
30.3
Gunning-Fog Score
16.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
29
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Joe Biden
Our distinguished witnesses today will examine how the Putin administration's policies toward the one-fifth of its citizens that is ethnically non-Russian differs or, in some respects, resembles pre-1991 Soviet nationalities policies. This hearing is the first in a series that the full committee plans to hold on what we are terming "Putin's Russia." Later this summer and in the fall, we will hold hearings on political conditions, on economic reform, on civil society, culture, and religious life, and on Russia's foreign policy.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.63636
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.63636
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.335
VADER
0.318
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.6260698661
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.2993799513
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1778912148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0494940439
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0387199572
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0166827347
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0010053432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004544081
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.01083E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.98587E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.0188E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
32.8
Gunning-Fog Score
18.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
33
Sprache Difficult Word Count
35
Joe Biden
Throughout my 29 years in the Senate, I have consistently maintained that there is no international relationship, no bilateral relationship, more important to the United States than that with Russia. Much has changed in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union, but I believe the importance of the bilateral relationship endures. I hope today's hearing will constitute an outstanding beginning for an important new venture on this hearing regime that we plan on moving forward with.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.75
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.75
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0.932
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.5812840071
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0720014505
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0128199361
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0115192641
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0057013458
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0040365929
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0018644596
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.79699E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.45978E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.45235E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.9151E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38
Gunning-Fog Score
17.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
24
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Joe Biden
I now yield to my friend, and again apologize to him for keeping him waiting.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.557
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.009960695
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0060662682
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0046199191
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0026154301
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0014161716
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0011812829
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005461214
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.33841E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
3.02405E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.1901E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.0188E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
6.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
73.2
Gunning-Fog Score
8.7
Coleman-Liau Index
8.1
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
5.2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5
Sprache Readability Score
2.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
4
Sprache Difficult Word Count
4
Jesse Helms
Mr. Chairman, to the contrary, I genuinely appreciate your scheduling this meeting. We had requested this.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8473
VADER
0.402
Positive
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0753791188
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0204948068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.011441244
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0075974349
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0026137721
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0012606453
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0004438263
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002425598
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.5925E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.285E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.417E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
48.1
Gunning-Fog Score
14.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
10.6
Automated Readability Index
6.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
7
Sprache Difficult Word Count
8
Jesse Helms
And before I begin, let me point out, as I have done many times, that this committee welcomes the young people who attend these hearings. We have several in the back there and I want to be sure that they can hear what's going on? Nod if you can. Do you want us to cut it off?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.33647
VADER
0.287
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0028547163
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.001963117
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0016760601
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.001562406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.000453862
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000211915
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001622854
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001487544
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
9.62996E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.24833E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.0581E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
91.4
Gunning-Fog Score
7.1
Coleman-Liau Index
6
SMOG Index
7.3
Automated Readability Index
3.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
1.3
Sprache Readability Score
2.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
6
Jesse Helms
No. Well, you are welcome. And these witnesses are great patriots, and they have done a great deal of work on the subject, as you will understand as they proceed. Now, I welcome, of course, the four people there, the lady and three gentlemen. I'm grateful for the enormous amount of research and writing that every one of you has contributed to the field of Russian studies and U.S./Russian relations. And I am certainly aware that some, if not all, of you have traveled to Washington from all parts of America to share with us this morning your views regarding relations between the Kremlin and the Federation's non-Russian regions.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0.967
Very Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0164840676
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0010647271
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010006333
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0007179397
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0004130567
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
8.98035E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
4.99125E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.01299E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.2829E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.189E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.8021E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
6.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
70.3
Gunning-Fog Score
9.2
Coleman-Liau Index
10.7
SMOG Index
10.5
Automated Readability Index
6.8
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.8
Sprache Readability Score
4.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
22
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Jesse Helms
Now, how the Kremlin addresses the cultures and potentials and grievances and aspirations of its non-Russian peoples is not merely a measurement of the state of democracy in Russia, or the lack thereof. What the Kremlin does also affects the evolution and long-term prospects of democratic reforms in that country. Repression and political and cultural heavy-handedness can unavoidably leave the non-Russian populations of the Russian Federation disenfranchised and resentful, and that is an obvious recipe for unrest and instability, both within and beyond the Federation's borders.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.125
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.125
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.23639
VADER
-0.818
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.3603426972
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0130957735
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0087770342
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0066268236
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0031182546
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0022143253
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003185575
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.10184E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.8547E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.5546E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.0544E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
20.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
39
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
Jesse Helms
Nowhere has this been more evident than in Chechnya, where President Putin continues to execute a savage, indiscriminate war against the Chechen people. This bloodthirsty campaign includes a systematic and obvious effort to strip Chechnya of its cultural heritage. Russian forces have obliterated Chechen religious and historic sites in an effort to transform Chechnya into a physical and cultural wasteland.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.20067
VADER
-0.875
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.7082875594
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1215081196
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0300418091
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0100882593
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0016237087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.001443655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0010022817
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006998837
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.3354E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
6.8799E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.3266E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
20.2
Gunning-Fog Score
18
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
30
Sprache Difficult Word Count
27
Jesse Helms
Since 1999, Russian forces have caused the deaths of more than 30,000 non-combatants. The dislocation of 600,000 civilians has been caused by the Russian forces, as well as the illegal incarceration of 20,000 Chechens, of which the Russian forces boast. They brag about that. And the countless reports of rape and torture and summary executions committed by the Russian forces complete this ugly scenario. And all this bloody carnage has been imposed upon a population of just one million people. Today, the vicious Putin war in Chechnya continues unabated with no inclination even to try to bring this tragic war to a negotiated and peaceful end.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.70805
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.52
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.52
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
-0.94
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
16.7059794068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
1.1541866697
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.7630116306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.5412377417
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.2239932306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0068522051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0044823406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0017969975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000405876
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
6.22977E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.21065E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.2
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
54.4
Gunning-Fog Score
13.2
Coleman-Liau Index
11.4
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
38
Sprache Difficult Word Count
35
Jesse Helms
For a comparative measure of what Mr. Putin has done in Chechnya, one has only to look to Kosovo where Milosevic's ethnic cleansing has caused at least 10,000 deaths -- at least 10,000 -- and the illegal detention and torture of thousands of Albanians.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.33647
VADER
-0.875
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
2.0596710965
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
1.7377896234
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.7299331948
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.4728137981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1471391297
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.1334032975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0218544621
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0092800256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0032164473
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0022342814
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003407809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
59.5
Gunning-Fog Score
11.5
Coleman-Liau Index
9.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.8
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.8
Sprache Readability Score
4.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
13
Sprache Difficult Word Count
16
Jesse Helms
So, Mr. Chairman, this hearing is well timed. And, again, I appreciate your scheduling it, because 3 days from now, on Friday, the G-7 will meet in Genoa, Italy. The G-7 leaders are certain to celebrate the recent incarceration of Mr. Milosevic; and when they do, I prayerfully hope that, when they sit across the table from the Russian President in the so-called G-8 summit, they will not forget that Mr. Putin's unjustified war against the Chechen people has been far more savage and far more devastating than the destruction Milosevic -- bad as he is, and he is terrible -- has wreaked upon Kosovo.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.27273
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.27273
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.51083
VADER
-0.882
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
21.401488781
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
5.0349280238
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.8455423638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.5657845177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.537173776
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0084555693
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0036588983
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0011726975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005088034
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000170104
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.89983E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
63
Gunning-Fog Score
10.9
Coleman-Liau Index
9.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Jesse Helms
As today's witnesses are, no doubt, aware, the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews has issued a report documenting official discrimination and mistreatment of Chechens throughout the Russian Federation. The report makes a simple, but profound, point: If a government mistreats one ethnic or religious group, that same government is likely to subject other groups to similar persecution in the future. In light of what is happening in Chechnya, that is spine-chilling.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.329
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Harassment
5.0472185016
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
1.338047348
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.501164142
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.2523432719
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.2511152998
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0051678126
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0030624295
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0013288051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002472557
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001588298
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000102927
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
36.1
Gunning-Fog Score
15.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
33
Jesse Helms
I ask that the balance of my statement be made a part of the record, and I thank the Chair.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment > Threatening
0.2455909271
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0858547923
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0572717167
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0081321414
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0052131672
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0039927414
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.18407E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
5.31575E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.97089E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.8965E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.435E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
89.2
Gunning-Fog Score
8
Coleman-Liau Index
4.8
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
5.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
2.6
Sprache Readability Score
3.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Note
[The prepared statement of Senator Helms follows:] Prepared Statement of Hon. Jesse Helms Mr. Chairman, I genuinely appreciate your accommodating our request to schedule this hearing this morning.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0.557
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.8827381767
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.3199303523
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1474839402
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1002351986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0828874123
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0118525692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0013723105
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006980586
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.98332E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.70723E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.57293E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
46.6
Gunning-Fog Score
8.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
9.2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.4
Sprache Readability Score
2.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
12
Sprache Difficult Word Count
13
Jesse Helms
Obviously, I, too, welcome the members of our panel to this morning's session of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.459
Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.5792941898
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0530619756
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0218625908
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0127157808
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0083854946
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018640614
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0017867054
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001809785
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.39035E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.58135E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.6311E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
36.2
Gunning-Fog Score
9.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
3.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
8
Sprache Difficult Word Count
10
Jesse Helms
I am grateful for the enormous amount of research and writing each of you has contributed to the field of Russian studies and U.S.-Russian affairs. I am certainly aware that some of you have traveled to Washington from all parts of the country to share with us this morning your views regarding relations between the Kremlin and the Federation's non-Russian regions.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.46634
VADER
0.765
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
1.4890064485
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.160778896
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0373884541
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0227331257
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.009446279
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0070651593
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0013624938
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.50958E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.45824E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.9335E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.7051E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
63.7
Gunning-Fog Score
9.5
Coleman-Liau Index
11.7
SMOG Index
10.8
Automated Readability Index
8.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5
Sprache Readability Score
4.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
17
Sprache Difficult Word Count
21
Jesse Helms
How the Kremlin addresses the cultures, potentials, grievances and aspirations of its non-Russian peoples is not merely a measurement of the state of democracy in Russia or lack thereof; what the Kremlin does also affects the evolution and long-term prospects of democratic reform in that country.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.78846
VADER
-0.382
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Harassment > Threatening
0.0807710632
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0723728212
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.049512001
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0118116921
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0064696447
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0027937049
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006096569
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
3.41447E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.7765E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.7026E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.0227E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
17.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
19
Sprache Difficult Word Count
21
Jesse Helms
Repression and political and cultural heavy-handedness can unavoidably leave the non-Russian populations of the Russian Federation disenfranchised and resentful -- and that is an obvious recipe for unrest and instability both within and beyond the Federation's borders.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.20067
VADER
-0.71
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.9367384017
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.3347512567
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1316556591
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1054720604
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0266938383
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0008139312
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0007234175
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001574531
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001016583
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.77526E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.40369E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
20
Sprache Difficult Word Count
19
Jesse Helms
Nowhere has this been more evident than in Chechnya, where President Putin continues to execute a savage, indiscriminate war against the Chechen people. This blood thirsty campaign includes a systematic, and obvious, effort to strip Chechnya of its cultural heritage. Russian forces have obliterated Chechen religious and historic sites in an effort to transform Chechnya into a physical and cultural wasteland.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.20067
VADER
-0.875
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0252427504
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0185931582
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0165184319
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0095127565
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0088954701
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.00488857
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0034204433
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001115632
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.63823E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.12814E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.5966E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
22.5
Gunning-Fog Score
17.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
29
Sprache Difficult Word Count
28
Jesse Helms
Since 1999, Russian forces have caused the deaths of more than 30,000 non-combatants, the dislocation of 600,000 civilians, and the illegal incarceration of 20,000 Chechens of which the Russian forces boast. The countless reports of rape, torture and summary executions committed by Russian forces complete this ugly scenario.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.53846
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.53846
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
-0.902
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0077404315
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0069218862
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0039759812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.001599942
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0011500146
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001333875
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
8.78335E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.836E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.82809E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.0074E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.594E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
47
Gunning-Fog Score
17.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
22
Sprache Difficult Word Count
21
Jesse Helms
All this bloody carnage has been imposed upon a population of just one million people. Today, the vicious Putin war in Chechnya continues unabated, with no inclination to even try to bring this tragic war to a negotiated and peaceful end.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.4
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.4
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.76214
VADER
-0.691
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0309456867
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0054186177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0048544203
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0021455136
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009128586
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0003734612
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0002600111
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
9.5823E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.0297E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.882E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.55E-8
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
39.5
Gunning-Fog Score
15
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
4.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
12
Sprache Difficult Word Count
13
Jesse Helms
For a comparative measure of what Mr. Putin has done in Chechnya, one only has to look to Kosovo were Slobodan Milosevic's ethnic cleansing has caused at least 10,000 deaths and the illegal detention and torture of thousands of Albanians.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.33647
VADER
-0.875
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0747685845
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0078768222
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0055690478
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0014712762
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0014486447
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0009832307
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.90545E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.01236E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
2.41704E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.73368E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.7238E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
49.8
Gunning-Fog Score
11.1
Coleman-Liau Index
11.3
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.4
Sprache Readability Score
4.5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
14
Sprache Difficult Word Count
17
Jesse Helms
So Mr. Chairman, this hearing is well timed. Three days from now, on Friday, the G-7 will meet in Genoa, Italy. The G-7 leaders are certain to celebrate the recent incarceration of Mr. Milosevic.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0.785
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0041526979
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0031629123
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0013859493
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0008646534
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0005417727
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0003336263
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001355553
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.07724E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.20331E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.863E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.091E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
4.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
75
Gunning-Fog Score
6.2
Coleman-Liau Index
8.5
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
1.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.2
Sprache Readability Score
2.5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
11
Sprache Difficult Word Count
12
Jesse Helms
When they do, I prayerfully hope that when they sit across the table from the Russian President in the so-called G-8 summit, they will not forget that Mr. Putin's unjustified war against the Chechen people has been far more savage and devastating than the destruction Milosevic has wreaked upon Kosovo.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.29928
VADER
-0.923
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0209682054
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0048979589
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0035982357
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018701028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0006342494
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000432563
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
6.48754E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.27494E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.00678E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.5934E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.635E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
51.9
Gunning-Fog Score
13.5
Coleman-Liau Index
11.9
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
15
Sprache Difficult Word Count
17
Jesse Helms
As today's witnesses are no doubt aware, the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews has issued a report documenting official discrimination and mistreatment of Chechens throughout the Russian Federation. The report makes a simple, but profound point: If a government mistreats one ethnic or religious group, that same government is likely to subject other groups to similar persecution in the future.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.329
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0377239077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0112991256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0013060453
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0007779073
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0007485958
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0004733322
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.046E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
9.1031E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
8.4251E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.8742E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.867E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
24.7
Gunning-Fog Score
18.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
24
Sprache Difficult Word Count
29
Jesse Helms
In light of what is happening in Chechnya today, that is spinechilling.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.3965180367
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.1388647594
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.035152692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0113118032
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0086119078
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0070184098
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0027442629
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0019956122
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0014980638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001337073
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.31323E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
53.7
Gunning-Fog Score
11.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
7.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
2.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Jesse Helms
We have genuine humanitarian and strategic interest in this conflict. The West, including the United States, should apply all the political and economic leverage that can be mustered to encourage, and if necessary leverage, President Putin to peacefully and immediately end the war in Chechnya.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.95551
VADER
0.823
Very Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0177992406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0105804516
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0102091406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009020076
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.000364545
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0003348127
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003157534
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002664297
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
2.43619E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.5925E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.8616E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
20.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
20
Sprache Difficult Word Count
21
Jesse Helms
This war is not only perpetuating and exacerbating a humanitarian crisis, it is sowing the seeds of hatred that will poison relations between the Kremlin and the Federation's non-Russian peoples for generations to come. Each day this war proceeds, it further harms the prospects for democracy and rule of law in Russia.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.20067
VADER
-0.957
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.248148106
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1793644158
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.1066865167
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0366916298
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0073100549
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0056802783
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0025619034
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0013480454
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0006259575
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003594513
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001334465
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
37.9
Gunning-Fog Score
15.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
16
Sprache Difficult Word Count
19
Jesse Helms
For all these reasons, I look forward to the testimonies of our witnesses. I know they will share with us their insights into what President Putin's treatment of Chechnya portends for Russia's struggle to evolve into a stable democracy.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.66667
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.66667
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.29928
VADER
0.273
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0893380027
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.04514225
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0122919781
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0108640314
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0069912356
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005286077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004352648
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0003848038
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002117908
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.72811E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.15117E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
54.7
Gunning-Fog Score
9.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
10.3
Automated Readability Index
11.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.2
Sprache Readability Score
4.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
13
Sprache Difficult Word Count
16
Joe Biden
Without objection, it will be. And I might add that the reason we are having this hearing today, and the reason we have started with Chechnya is because of the distinguished Senator from North Carolina and his intense interest and his request that this be done, and I happen to agree with him.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.3979
VADER
0.7
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0956979406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0159068499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0095405907
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0024992269
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0012733492
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0006517673
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002009347
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
8.34679E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.15292E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.78737E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.336E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.2
Gunning-Fog Score
13.6
Coleman-Liau Index
10.4
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4
Sprache Readability Score
4.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
9
Sprache Difficult Word Count
13
Joe Biden
Senator Lugar, would you like to make an opening statement?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0956715841
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0213220483
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0111851608
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0107984473
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0073321236
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0071376868
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0017483206
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0010367979
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000998377
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0004552621
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.33024E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.2
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
61.3
Gunning-Fog Score
8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
6.2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.8
Sprache Readability Score
2.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
4
Sprache Difficult Word Count
4
Richard Lugar
No, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I look forward to hearing the witnesses.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0.077
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.2668636618
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0632395677
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0172258864
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0096283213
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0065460641
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0060734863
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.001444254
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0009343502
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004417209
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.01754E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.2547E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
1.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
90
Gunning-Fog Score
1.6
Coleman-Liau Index
10.1
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
1.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.1
Sprache Readability Score
1.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
5
Joe Biden
Let me say a brief word about our witnesses today. We are fortunate today having four of this country's outstanding experts on the nationalities of the Russian Federation. In the interest of time, I am not going to recount their impressive professional histories, except to say that the witnesses represent three leading American universities -- Columbia, Georgetown, and Stanford -- as well as Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, an indispensable broadcasting and research organization.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.75
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.75
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0.952
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.1457551029
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0087129643
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0051675222
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0045049408
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0043285261
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0010991987
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0010953133
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.001053145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000812953
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.000239771
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.29827E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
19.2
Gunning-Fog Score
16.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
26
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Joe Biden
I am told that there has been some prehearing coordination among the witnesses and with the committee's staff, so we will proceed in the order that they have suggested.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0180916264
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0144482605
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0061286766
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0009967798
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0007629871
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0004401877
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001079218
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001062576
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.6278E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.9115E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.7945E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
54.9
Gunning-Fog Score
17.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.2
Sprache Readability Score
4.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
7
Sprache Difficult Word Count
7
Joe Biden
We will begin with Dr. Solnick, associate professor of Political Science at Columbia University; then Dr. Dunlop, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace at Stanford University; and Dr. Balzer, research professor and coordinator of Social, Ethnic, and Regional Issues in the Center for Eurasian, Russian, and East European Studies at Georgetown University; and an old friend -- and it is good to see you again, Paul -- Mr. Paul Goble, who is the Director of the Communications Department of Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty, here in Washington.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.25131
VADER
0.908
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0276393897
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0211101535
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0164386583
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0026347136
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0023576191
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.001604116
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0005769521
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.85624E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.31488E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.75366E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.95265E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
31.2
Gunning-Fog Score
9.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
39
Sprache Difficult Word Count
39
Joe Biden
So if we begin in that order, I would appreciate it, and we will hear all of your testimonies, and then we will move to questions. Thank you.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8473
VADER
0.637
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0532921695
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0036911864
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0026152458
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0013930427
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0010490782
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0009645693
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0005529832
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0003301243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002129151
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001451706
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.1197E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
77.8
Gunning-Fog Score
9.9
Coleman-Liau Index
7.1
SMOG Index
10.3
Automated Readability Index
3.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
1.8
Sprache Readability Score
2.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Dr Solnick
Thank you Mr. Chairman, Senator Helms, members of the committee, I would like to thank you for inviting me to address this topic this morning. It is a great privilege to be here.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.56495
VADER
0.937
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0781613402
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0155539179
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0128369138
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0078877281
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0066521934
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0026424186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004156715
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003624398
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.70037E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.98366E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.00311E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
77.7
Gunning-Fog Score
8
Coleman-Liau Index
9.2
SMOG Index
9.9
Automated Readability Index
4.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.9
Sprache Readability Score
2.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
9
Sprache Difficult Word Count
10
Dr Solnick
When many observers of Russia think of policy toward non- Russians in the Russian Federation, the first image that does come to mind is of the senseless carnage in Chechnya. Russia's war there, of course, has been cruel beyond measure, as Senator Helms was just commenting, and it has taken a heavy toll on both Russian and Chechen lives. In my remarks this morning, however, I would like to try and place Chechnya in context. I would like to discuss how the Federal Government, beyond Chechnya, in Russia, has fashioned a surprisingly effective policy of carrots and sticks aimed at holding together the multi-ethnic patchwork inherited from the Soviet Union. I will suggest the deadlock and violence that has characterized the Chechen conflict almost from the start are the exception rather than the rule in Russian regional politics today.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.38566
VADER
-0.802
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0056004643
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0034888744
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0028234857
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0027985501
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002660045
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0001557341
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
8.63507E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
6.34764E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.4375E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
6.6902E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.5494E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
42.5
Gunning-Fog Score
15.8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
49
Sprache Difficult Word Count
47
Dr Solnick
Throughout much of the rest of Russian Federation, non- Russian enclaves continue to be recognized by the Russian constitution despite their dubious historical and demographic foundations, and non-Russian elites continue to enjoy significant power and prestige within the Russian Federal structure. Ironically, the disconnectedness of the Chechen problem from the rest of regional policy in Russia today simply underscores the pointlessness of the war in Chechnya.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.38462
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.38462
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.74721
VADER
-0.287
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0901676947
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0458252587
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0219734546
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0163087781
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.004020768
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0021702819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0009429337
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.48916E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.9823E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.632E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.7124E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
8.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Dr Solnick
In the prepared statement I brought to the committee, I have tried to provide some details of the Soviet origins of Russia's Federal structure, Yeltsin's policy of cooptation, Putin's steps toward recentralization. Rather than summarize those remarks here, though, I would like to focus on just three main points, and to make them a bit livelier, I would like to present three common misconceptions about non-Russians in the Russian Federation.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8873
VADER
0.823
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0462036172
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0210988219
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0031825519
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0031480649
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0016634644
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0013190467
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001464054
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001285394
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.51958E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.27045E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.21915E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
31.4
Gunning-Fog Score
18.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
26
Sprache Difficult Word Count
27
Dr Solnick
First, as you all know, Chechnya is just one of 21 autonomous republics within the Russian Federation. Russia inherited a complex Federal structure from the Soviet Union: 21 republics, 11 autonomous districts, and 57 other predominantly Russian administrative units known as oblasts or krais. This Federal structure is a direct legacy of Bolshevik nationality policy which had declared that each of the major ethnic groups in the Soviet Union had its own homeland within the Soviet federation; but, of course, the centralized institution of the Communist Party made that federation something of a sham.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.55
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.1533339033
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0322491222
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0146795195
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0072758048
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0039531154
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018620005
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001569592
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
5.17524E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.83423E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.82463E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.58028E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
19.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
33
Dr Solnick
When the Communist Party collapsed at the end of the 1980's, however, the leaders of these ethnic republics within Russia found themselves in a position to play Boris Yeltsin off against Mikhail Gorbachev to win concessions for themselves. And ultimately, in a phrase he would come to regret, Yeltsin told the leaders of the ethnic enclaves to "take as much sovereignty as you can swallow," and he preserved their special status in a Federal treaty in 1992 and subsequently in the Russian Constitution of 1993. The resulting state structure, in the words of one Russian observer, left 23 million Russians living in a federation -- that's the ethnic enclaves -- and 124 million living in a unified state.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.78846
VADER
0.852
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.1932256157
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0674297858
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0590926909
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0510575832
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0357739715
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0073186413
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0042702082
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005839433
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.45424E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.83316E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.71857E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
39
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Dr Solnick
Now, a common misconception about this period, however, the late 1980's and early 1990's, is that these ethnic territories were hotbeds of separatism during this period. With the notable exception of Chechnya -- and even that is a qualified exception -- none of the leaders of these ethnic republics demanded independence from Russia during this period. Instead, what they demanded was higher status and special privileges within the Russian Federation. Furthermore, it is even misleading to speak of these republics as non-Russian territories. A single non- Russian nationality comprises an absolute majority in just five of the 21 republics; and in 12 of them, Russians are the largest ethnic group.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.75
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.75
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
-0.052
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.0448359846
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0104146471
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0050210812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0018467073
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0016762184
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0014493758
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009562064
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0008591504
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.0675E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
2.99304E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.30476E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
33.4
Gunning-Fog Score
17.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
45
Sprache Difficult Word Count
33
Dr Solnick
A second misconception concerns the relationship between Yeltsin and the leaders of these republics under the 1993 constitution. Once that constitution was ratified, Yeltsin began signing additional bilateral agreements, commonly referred to as "treaties," with the leaders of several republics. The first of these, with Tatarstan, granted the Tatars constitutional and fiscal privileges that offended many of the Russian regional leaders in the oblasts. It also opened the floodgates to similar deals with other leaders of republics. The failure to agree on a similar treaty with Chechnya helped trigger the first Chechen war.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.36772
VADER
-0.103
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0309033756
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0138482603
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0072642477
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0032374839
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0024334215
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0008066466
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0007561411
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0007014547
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001867195
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.07584E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.3801E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
30.6
Gunning-Fog Score
15.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
38
Sprache Difficult Word Count
35
Dr Solnick
The misconception about this period, in my opinion, is that Yeltsin and the Federal Government were essentially powerless to resist the regional elites during the 1990's. In fact, I believe, the Federal Government was employing a rather sophisticated strategy of coopting individual regional leaders through selective distribution of economic and political benefits. The scheme was improvised, and it was complex. For instance, when interbudgetary transfers became more transparent, under pressure from the IMF, the Federal Government shifted to delivering subsidies within the Federal budget by paying some regional debts on time and leaving others unpaid. Eventually, the potential for solidarity among regional leaders in the Federation to oppose the Federal Government was eroded by this divide-and-rule strategy employed by the Kremlin.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.33647
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.125
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.125
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.23639
VADER
0.403
Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.7657709997
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.3683562856
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.3375428263
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0859492109
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.085629255
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0105786465
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0046594214
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0044004457
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000151866
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.00015143
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.05188E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
12.7
Gunning-Fog Score
18.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
54
Sprache Difficult Word Count
51
Dr Solnick
Eventually, as the Kremlin began signing treaties with oblasts as well as republics, the Russian/non-Russian distinction began to lose its importance within the Federation. And by the time of the 1999 elections, when regional leaders tried and failed to create a political party to capture the Federal Government, the most important division among regions within the Russian Federation was between rich and poor, not between Russian and non-Russian.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.43532
VADER
0.608
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.1217794721
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.10665257
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0780092028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0522927439
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.003217435
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0021940472
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0012051445
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0011043303
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000129492
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.66337E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.00595E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
25.4
Gunning-Fog Score
18.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Dr Solnick
That brings me to the final misconception I wish to address, that Vladimir Putin has launched a campaign of re- centralization at the expense of regional power. It is certainly true that one of the first issues addressed by Putin after becoming President in March 2000 was the strengthening of the "vertical of Federal control," as he put it. There were three main components to this. First, under the reform of the Federation Council, regional Governors, both Russian and non- Russian, no longer automatically sit in the Council; and the Council is, in effect, Russia's Senate. Second, under a new procedure for removing elected regional officials, Putin can dismiss regional Governors or republic Presidents who issue decrees in violation of the Federal constitution or who face criminal charges. Finally, a new districting plan has created seven super-regions headed by Presidential representatives whose job it is to ensure that Federal laws take precedence over regional laws. Five of the seven men that Putin has appointed to be these representatives in these regions come from the KGB and the military.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.33647
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.43532
VADER
0.649
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.1053196494
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0512474275
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0216762812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.009866125
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.004471897
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0024517885
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0015265614
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0011756715
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.35005E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.8763E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.339E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
36.7
Gunning-Fog Score
16.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
70
Sprache Difficult Word Count
58
Dr Solnick
While Putin is certainly keen on strengthening vertical accountability within Federal institutions, however, he has continued Yeltsin's strategy of coopting regional leaders wherever and whenever possible. He has changed Federal law to allow certain regional leaders, including the President of Tatarstan, to run for third or even fourth terms. He has limited success in promoting his own candidates in gubernatorial races, ultimately working with, rather than defeating, financial and industrial elites in the more powerful territories.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.61904
VADER
0.942
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0549430202
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0528483943
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0131060297
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0057569403
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0055126584
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0014163403
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0012063668
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009273726
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0006809738
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004115122
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003555964
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
8.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
31
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
Dr Solnick
In the sole instance where he forced a corrupt Governor out of office, he did so not by invoking his new powers to fire the Governor, but by offering him a powerful and lucrative job as head of the Federal Fisheries Committee. That is Yevgenii Nazdratenko in Primorskii Krai. So while Putin's team has prosecuted a number of deputy Governors on corruption charges, he, the President, and his seven envoys have not moved to redistribute property at the regional level in any meaningful way. And so the political and economic machines remain intact.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.16705
VADER
0.141
Leans Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0176207846
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0151582703
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0113806796
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0061538827
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0060842864
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0018434028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009531411
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000270817
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.99106E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.277E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.58542E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38.6
Gunning-Fog Score
14.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
30
Sprache Difficult Word Count
35
Dr Solnick
By allowing non-Russian elites in these republics to preserve their political, economic, and media power bases in the regions, he has reduced the level of center-regional conflict significantly since coming to power, and he has assembled a regional consensus behind his drive to consolidate power at the center.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.55556
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.55556
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
-0.318
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.164048525
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0270164717
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0218150948
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0215029155
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0080902195
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0075583339
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0055571112
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0016614114
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000771894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003789472
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001928633
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
19
Sprache Difficult Word Count
22
Dr Solnick
This should not be confused with democracy or federalism as we know it. The emerging political structure in Russia preserves the power of elites, in large part by disenfranchising large segments of society, undermining civil rights, and curtailing media freedoms. What I want to suggest here is that this project has lately become a cooperative effort, by Federal and regional elites, Russian and non- Russian, rather than a project directed by the Federal leaders against regional leaders.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.36772
VADER
0.098
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0092778042
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0051290655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0039391729
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0024634908
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0012438975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0007111731
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0004662531
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001285083
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.40391E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.29762E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.62481E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.1
Gunning-Fog Score
17.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
31
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Dr Solnick
One concluding thought. The emerging consensus between Federal and regional elites over the nature of the Russian state only deepens the tragedy of Chechnya. There can be and should be no illusion that the Russian Government's actions in Chechnya are necessary or even useful for preserving the territorial integrity of Russia. The Russian Army is not making an example of Chechnya for the benefit of other non-Russian regional leaders. Those leaders have long since made their peace with the Kremlin. As an antiterrorism campaign, the second Chechen war has been counterproductive; but, even worse, as a political statement, it has been pointless. As it has been for over a century, Chechnya remains a special case in Russia, and it merits a special solution to end the conflict there.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.33647
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.29412
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.29412
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.57054
VADER
0.775
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0108916749
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0105404033
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0094360519
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0063542306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0027435119
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0022832286
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0022671748
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0019655654
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0006324911
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003150069
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.4184E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
44.5
Gunning-Fog Score
13.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
42
Dr Solnick
Let me thank you again for the invitation to appear, and I look forward to the discussion.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0443761033
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0202248979
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0167325197
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0141815384
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0070985203
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0059479444
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0015010512
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004745494
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003882197
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.48019E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.98657E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
60.2
Gunning-Fog Score
11.5
Coleman-Liau Index
9.1
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
2.7
Sprache Readability Score
3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Note
[The prepared statement of Dr. Solnick follows:] Prepared Statement of Dr. Steven L. Solnick Mr. Chairman, thank you for the invitation to discuss the current state of Russian policy toward the non-Russian republics of the Russian Federation. It is a great privilege to appear before this committee.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.56495
VADER
0.929
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.023928954
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0158668277
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0036361322
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0028615277
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0027615477
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0019479239
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002737455
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002530434
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.98027E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.05884E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.94374E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.2
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
58.2
Gunning-Fog Score
8.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9.5
Automated Readability Index
6.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.7
Sprache Readability Score
3.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
19
Sprache Difficult Word Count
18
Dr Solnick
The post-Soviet Russian Federation -- with its vast territorial scope, complex political structure and volatile ethnic mix -- faces state-building challenges that should not be underestimated. Over the last 7 year as, much of the world's attention has focused on Russia's brutal and senseless war in Chechnya as the most visible symbol of Moscow's continuing oppression of non-Russian minorities on Russian territority. While the carnage in Chechnya merits this scrutiny on its own terms, it would be a mistake to treat Chechnya as either an example or a harbinger of Russia's broader policy toward its non-Russian regions.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.05882
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.05882
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.11123
VADER
-0.417
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1048843376
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0190478153
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0159326417
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.003112022
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0020211291
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0016345921
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0014289852
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006810186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003546001
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001648088
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001355726
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
42
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
Dr Solnick
In my statement today, I will attempt to place Chechnya in context. I will suggest that the irreconcilable differences and endemic violence that has characterized the Chechen conflict almost from the start are the exception rather than the rule in Russian regional politics today. Throughout much of the rest of Russia, non-Russian enclaves continue to be recognized by the Russian constitution, despite their dubious historical and demographic foundations, and non-Russian elites continue to enjoy significant power and prestige within the federal structure. Ironically, the disconnectedness of the Chechen problem from the rest of regional policy in Russia today simply underscores the pointlessness of that bloody conflict.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.45199
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.21131
VADER
-0.834
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.2799932379
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.2401571954
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0947606808
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0783342111
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0606953807
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0104731269
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0078683457
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0040945975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0034808552
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0019820169
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.001603342
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
22.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
50
Sprache Difficult Word Count
43
Dr Solnick
I will begin by briefly reviewing the origins of the "republics" that survive as non-Russian enclaves in modern Russia, and sketching the outlines of Yeltsin's strategy of co-opting regional elites -- Russian and non-Russian alike. I will then discuss in a bit more detail Putin's attempts to recentralize the federal structure, with particular attention to implications for the non-Russian regional elites. I will conclude with a few thoughts about the future of Russia's federal system and the significance of the Chechen wars.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.57143
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.57143
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.18958
VADER
-0.361
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0057647252
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0041352981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0024785653
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0009706661
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005589975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0004373565
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002240567
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001234607
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.55699E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.48199E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.30667E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
36.7
Gunning-Fog Score
17.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
40
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
Dr Solnick
The federal structure of the Soviet state was based upon a detailed hierarchy of federal sub-units: 15 union republics, contained 20 autonomous republics and over 120 administrative-territorial "oblasts" and "krais." As a legacy of Bolshevik nationality policy, it was a multi-ethnic federation in which major ethnic groups were associated with particular national "homelands" that received varying degrees of formal self-rule and cultural autonomy. In reality, however, Russians constituted the majority in many of these autonomous "ethnic" territories, and the Russian-dominated Communist Party never sacrificed its absolute control.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.70805
VADER
0.402
Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.045727106
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0344013562
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0286053604
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0065572101
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0065294182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.006300283
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0016033955
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0012365645
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001328488
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.16767E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.14172E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
49
Sprache Difficult Word Count
47
Dr Solnick
In June 1990, the Russian Federations newly elected legislature followed the lead of the Caucasian and Baltic republics and declared Russia to be "sovereign." The most important implication of this declaration was that Russia's laws were to take precedence over Soviet laws, and that Russia was to control the disposition of natural resources on her territory.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.66667
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.66667
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.29928
VADER
0.552
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0080330625
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0022332759
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0018195135
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0015165652
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0013029799
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0006185747
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002475782
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002312892
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001054416
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.83826E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.35363E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
27.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
24
Sprache Difficult Word Count
24
Dr Solnick
This action was quickly mimicked by the 16 "autonomous republics" within the borders of the Russian Federation, eager to seize the opportunity to gain greater control over their own affairs. Yeltsin encouraged them, reluctant to provide Gorbachev with any precedent for recentralization; in August 1990, he famously told the leaders of the republics to "take as much autonomy as you can swallow." By October of 1990, eleven of these sixteen republics had passed their own sovereignty declarations, and by the beginning of 1991 all had followed suit. This "parade of sovereignties" appeared at the time -- and has been interpreted since -- as a direct threat to the territorial integrity of Russia, though the declarations generally stopped short of declaring "independence" from Russia.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.84
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0075044329
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0031781663
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0019666211
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.001238142
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008141292
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0003759691
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001119206
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.3209E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
7.81321E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.7971E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.6176E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
42
Sprache Difficult Word Count
45
Dr Solnick
Viewed in their historical context, the sovereignty declarations were actually quite limited. In April 1990, the all-Union Supreme Soviet had passed a law intended to serve as the blueprint for a new Federal Treaty sought by Gorbachev. According to the new law, the "autonomous" republics were granted equal status to union republics in the economic and socio-cultural spheres, and were instructed to sign bilateral and multilateral "treaties" with their parent union republics to clarify the consensual nature of their subordination. Perhaps most important, the autonomous republics were invited to take their seats alongside the union republics as equal parties in negotiating the new Federal Treaty to preserve the Soviet Union.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.72727
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.72727
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.71765
VADER
0.802
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0795928587
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.075512391
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0396452961
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0384149986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0171869382
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0135133785
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0055664244
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.003794389
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.001748214
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002566828
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001221213
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
15.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
51
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
Dr Solnick
Thus, the sovereignty declarations of the autonomous republics appear to be an attempt to upgrade their status within a federal structure rather than any bid to leave a federal structure. The omission of any mention of Russia in Tatarstan's declaration, for instance, which is often taken as a sign of Tatar separatism, is more accurately seen as a bid for Tatarstan to join the new Soviet federation on equal footing with Russia. Yeltsin's encouragement of these declarations was a clear attempt to outbid Gorbachev; Yeltsin proposed his own "Union Treaty" in January 1991 in an attempt to foreclose Gorbachev's options.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.84583
VADER
0.751
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.2060197061
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0459477102
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0294341356
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0151360568
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0112490823
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0019520819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006851742
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001945028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.37449E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
6.76523E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.35746E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
21.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
42
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
Dr Solnick
For their part, the autonomous republics were able to goad the Russian and Soviet governments into a high stakes bidding war. In 1990, for instance, Yeltsin promised the government of Sakha/Yakutia, home to most of the Soviet Union's diamonds, that it could keep a share of its diamonds for independent sale. Sakha subsequently accepted Russian sovereignty and ceased diamond shipments through Soviet channels. Eleven regions sought and received "free enterprise zone" status, offering tax and regulatory concessions. Tatarstan, for its part, began negotiating a bilateral treaty with the Russian Federation, as dictated by the April 1990 law.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.765
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.011776897
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0023850249
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0010222243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006731148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.00035949
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.00019542
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0001876707
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001388143
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.71579E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.85869E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.3806E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
31.6
Gunning-Fog Score
16.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
43
Dr Solnick
The abortive coup of August 1991 put an abrupt end to the bidding free-for-all. The December 1991 agreements establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States effectively ended any hope for a confederation retaining a Soviet center. From this point on, the Russian government bargained directly with provincial leaders over the institutions of the new Russian state.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.95551
VADER
0.785
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0510396552
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0308753108
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0143052253
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0130487169
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0060298004
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0037240188
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0016076201
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000159607
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001261773
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001116332
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.11865E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
39.1
Gunning-Fog Score
14.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
21
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Dr Solnick
When Russia became independent at the end of 1991, it consisted of twenty-one autonomous regions (all but one of these were ultimately reclassified as autonomous republics), ten autonomous okrugs, and 57 additional administrative units (oblasts, krais, and federal cities) for a total of 88 subnational units. While the Soviet state had accorded "autonomous" status to regions based on their designation as national homelands for specific ethnic groups, these subnational units did not represent indigenous islands in a Russian sea. On the contrary, Russians constituted a plurality of the population in twelve of the "ethnic" republics, and an absolute majority in nine of these. In only five republics did a single titular nationality comprise an absolute majority of the population. The national composition of the republics is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Ethnic Characteristics of Republics (c. 1992) \1\
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.84583
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0109592984
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0096568896
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0044329576
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0041681556
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0039506547
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0014020093
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0013464997
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008820948
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.33804E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.1541E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.0115E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.2
Gunning-Fog Score
18.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
60
Sprache Difficult Word Count
46
Dr Solnick
Pop.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.046943294
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0078400575
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0071278511
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.003422489
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0019585432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003634738
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0002004253
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001375246
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.35136E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.28259E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.5182E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
1.6
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0
Sprache Readability Score
0.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
Dr Solnick
Since the late Gorbachev era, relations between Yeltsin's administration and Russia's 89 regional administrations have been characterized by extensive and protracted negotiation. Central and provincial leaders have bargained over division of budgetary funds, natural resources, policy jurisdictions, personnel appointments, and other questions of fiscal and policy competence. This period can be divided into two distinct phases, marked by different strategies pursued by federal leaders. While non-Russian regions received certain privileges as a group in the first phase, by the end of Yeltsin's first presidential term the dominant cleavages in the Federation were between rich and poor regions rather than between Russian and non-Russian regions.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8473
VADER
0.772
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0087413508
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0069622685
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0052243646
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0050951257
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0027140748
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0010576379
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0005844058
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000370819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001240197
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001125939
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.2322E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
16.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
51
Sprache Difficult Word Count
46
Dr Solnick
1990-1994: Collective Bargaining
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.1875810442
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0347277091
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0211239443
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0073244715
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0024969184
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0012784901
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006106235
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003584708
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.9704E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.536E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.337E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
3.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
75.9
Gunning-Fog Score
1.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
4.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.1
Sprache Readability Score
1.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Dr Solnick
Beginning with the declarations of sovereignty of the Russia's ethnic republics in 1990, the federal government in Moscow pursued a strategy of bargaining collectively with groups of regions. In 1992, it signed three "Federation Treaties" to serve as the basis for a new Russian constitution. Similar but distinct documents were signed with Russia's ethnic republics, predominantly Russian oblast/krais, and sparsely populated autonomous okrugs. In doing this, federal authorities effectively defmed three major groupings of regions which it would recognize in subsequent collective bargaining.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.77778
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.77778
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.7346
VADER
0.593
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0452680106
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0196236346
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0137285635
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0047818801
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.002344986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0007945066
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000553779
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004792561
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000103537
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.21077E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.71909E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
24.4
Gunning-Fog Score
18.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
Dr Solnick
During 1992 and 1993, the heads of Russia's ethnic republics met regularly and defined a coherent bargaining bloc in their relations with the federal center. Oblasts and krais were unable to match their coherence, despite abortive efforts to define analogous oblast-centered "republics" (like the Urals Republic led by Sverdlovsk oblast or the Far Eastern Republic led by Primorskii krai). Unlike these ad hoc collaborations based on geographic proximity, the collective bloc formed by the ethnic republics had readily-identifiable markers of membership: regions defined constitutionally as "republics" could easily recognize their stake in the success of the bargaining unit. When Moscow granted a concession to one "republic," all other republics could and did claim it as their constitutional entitlement as well. As a consequence, ethnic republics retained a disproportionate share of both fiscal subsidies and policy autonomy through 1993.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.25131
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.81818
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.81818
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0.889
Very Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0225566415
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0179411436
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0078735851
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.002929396
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0018388046
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0008399682
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003803559
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001829033
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.96877E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.4809E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.0795E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
18.9
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
72
Sprache Difficult Word Count
61
Dr Solnick
1994-1998: Bilateralism
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0201048431
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0164278943
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0159175019
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0041966458
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009285408
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0007836907
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.000454026
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001906129
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.41868E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.75666E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.9847E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.2
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
34.6
Gunning-Fog Score
1.2
Coleman-Liau Index
7.7
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
1.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Dr Solnick
After the ethnic republics failed to collectively support Yeltsin in his showdown with the Russian parliament in 1993, the center moved to dismantle the structural advantages enjoyed by ethnic republics. It did so by attacking the unifying principle of their bargaining unit -- their common stake in securing collective privileges.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.22378
VADER
0.844
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0148309337
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0100453879
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0056246889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0028496112
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0019106254
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0014471479
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002118362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
9.04621E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.87252E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.4892E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.6258E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
24.9
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
26
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Dr Solnick
Beginning with the 1994 Bilateral Treaty with Tatarstan, the Kremlin began distributing resources and autonomy to regions based on individual rather than collective deals. Beginning first with selected republics, and then extending the practice in 1996 to selected oblasts and krais, the federal government began defining its relations with specific regions through direct bilateral negotiations. As a consequence, it was able to restrict the privileges enjoyed by some republics without incurring the ire of other republics fearing their privileges were also at stake.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.66667
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.66667
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.43508
VADER
0.296
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0225902608
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0103539569
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.007833264
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0038761704
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0032398435
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013560137
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0011726371
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003107321
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001539403
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.87978E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.68428E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
14.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
Dr Solnick
Thus, in 1997, the Kremlin was able to restructure Sakha's highly lucrative diamond marketing concession without encountering any protests of solidarity from other resource-rich regions. Perhaps most strikingly, the Kremlin was able to prosecute its brutal war against Chechnya (with whom treaty negotiations broke down) without encountenng united protests from other Islamic republics. In instances like these, it was clear than regions were conceiving and structuring their relations with federal officials bilaterally rather than collectively. By June 1998, more than half of the 89 subjects of the Russian Federations had signed bilateral "treaties" with the federal government.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.37949
VADER
-0.673
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0054962547
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0040157905
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0023032018
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0016332677
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0012863061
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0004233636
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0003172178
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
8.69922E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.63761E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.5333E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.8338E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
24
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
42
Dr Solnick
1998 and the Limits of Bilateralism
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.043911353
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0404279679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0121387609
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0102866441
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0052582778
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.00171344
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0013205257
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006265632
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002448577
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001776617
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.77643E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
45.6
Gunning-Fog Score
2.4
Coleman-Liau Index
9.7
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
1.5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Dr Solnick
Beginning in 1998, the Kremlin's reliance on bilateral bargaining with the regions became increasingly costly. By the spring of 1998, the central government was already losing access to the policy levers it needed to maintain a strategy of bilateral bargaining with regions. The fiscal collapse of August 1998 thus created a political as well as economic crisis by depriving the federal center of the few resources it could dole out to keep regional leaders in line.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.1431
VADER
-0.881
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.004167416
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0039033457
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0020050376
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0014278368
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013973935
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0005094351
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002103513
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001187425
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.76096E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.30819E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.3677E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
31
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Dr Solnick
Especially troubling to the Kremlin was the emergence of "governors' blocs" as players in the 1999 parliamentary election. While these were essentially loose alliances with overlapping memberships, parties like "Gobs Rossiia" and "Vsia Rossiia" amount to regional blocs defined not by inherited constitutional status (like the heads of republics) or accidents of contiguity (like Urals or Far Eastern associations). Instead, these new unions of governors represent political alliances specifically aimed at influencing the post-Yeltsin succession. The most successful of them was the OVR bloc -- Otechesvlo- Vsia Rossiia -- led by Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov and former Prime Minister Yevgenii Pnmakov. Several non-Russian republican "presidents" including Shaimiev of Tatarstan, Rakhimov of Bashkortostan, and Aushev of Jngushetiia -- were prominent in the formation of this bloc, along with leaders of such rich regions as Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Nizhnii Novgorod. Their cooperation underlined the degree to which Russian/non-Russian cleavages no longer defined the federal landscape in Russia.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.58779
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.68421
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.68421
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.5506
VADER
0.751
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0126560597
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0123457532
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0014788683
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0011554848
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003785571
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.00028837
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0002642701
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000249634
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.80054E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.24054E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.7995E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
14.3
Gunning-Fog Score
17.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
82
Sprache Difficult Word Count
79
Dr Solnick
A bloc of regional leaders, united across geographic areas and ethnic differences, represented the Kremlin's worst nightmare as the 2000 presidential elections approached. With few carrots to offer those regional elites who remained loyal, the federal center instead used sticks to disrupt the emerging solidarity of the periphery. The Center's Response: A Bloc of its Own
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.16705
VADER
0.459
Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0201782444
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0095454503
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0028072314
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0028032
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0025697213
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.00106327
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003398647
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001222272
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.16818E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.98427E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.6779E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
29.3
Gunning-Fog Score
16
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
28
Dr Solnick
Yeltsin's response to the new regional threat was swift and dramatic, and it led directly to the emergence of Vladimir Putin as a national politician. It came in two phases, as two challengers "from then regions" commanded the attention of the Kremlin.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.33647
VADER
-0.296
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0077842378
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0057769645
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0024171943
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.001212674
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008505619
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0007664416
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0005540933
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002036056
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.05859E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.47905E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.7256E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
44.5
Gunning-Fog Score
17.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
4.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
16
Sprache Difficult Word Count
18
Dr Solnick
Lebed: In early 1998, the election of Alexander Lebed as governor of Krasnoyarsk krai raised the first real specter of a credible presidential challenge mounted by a "regional leader." Lebed's election led swiftly to the dismissal of Victoria Mitina, Yeltsin's deputy chief of staff for regional policy.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.8473
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0373282499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0068348199
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0051013099
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0050423285
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0033380904
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0029011529
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0013661357
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0012513432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0007261948
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005649609
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003946364
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.2
Gunning-Fog Score
17.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
24
Dr Solnick
In Mitina's place, Yeltsin elevated Vladimir Putin from his post as head of the fiscal oversight Control Commission of the presidential administration. Putin's previous responsibilities had included the investigation of misuse of budget funds by regional leaders, and his appointment raised fears of an imminent vendetta against regional opponents of Yeltsin. So palpable was this fear that Putin's first act in his new job was to hold a press conference to avow that he considered no governor to be "enemies" of the administration, regardless of their views.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.31015
VADER
-0.802
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0185643716
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.008957745
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0087062115
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0029743571
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.001760301
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0016528002
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006895399
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005469157
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002433942
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000226696
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001584645
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
22.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Dr Solnick
Putin's next major initiative, however, signaled a new strategy by Yeltsin's team. Yeltsin presided over a meeting of the heads of the non-Russian republics, the same body coopted by Yeltsin during the early days of his presidency. According to published reports, Yeltsin made a "separate deal" with the republic heads, promising additional transfers of federal property and a renewed dedication to protecting privileges granted in earlier negotiations. The meeting foreshadowed a return to the co-optation model of the 1990-94.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
3.13549
VADER
0.743
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0266451709
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0049539241
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0020064166
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0018691901
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0016467806
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0011471798
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0007151742
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004831564
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002737739
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.19542E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.50242E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
32.3
Gunning-Fog Score
18.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
33
Sprache Difficult Word Count
37
Dr Solnick
Luzhkov: By early 1999, the chief presidential challenger "from the regions" was no longer Lebed but Yurii Luzhkov, the mayor of Moscow. Luzhkov's bid was more threatening to the Kremlin, since it linked a charismatic politician to a bloc of governors -- Vsia Rossiia -- formed to contest the 1999 parliamentary elections. His failure to derail the Luzhkov-Vsia Rossiia alliance in August 1999 cost Sergei Stepashin his job as Prime Minister.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.25131
VADER
-0.927
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0452460983
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0117907512
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0114391936
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0096934906
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0085094493
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0074531425
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.003582568
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.00247676
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0007016941
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004331141
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002629704
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38.1
Gunning-Fog Score
14.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
34
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Dr Solnick
Stepashin's replacement -- Putin -- wasted little time in defusing the momentum generated by the Luzhkov-Primakov OVR bloc. Shortly after replacing Stepashin, Vladimir Putin attended a meeting of the "Siberian Accord," an inter-regional association in which Lebed has played a prominent role. Putin assured the Siberian leaders that the federal government would give priority to Siberian development. More significantly, he signaled that regional policy was and would remain near the top of his agenda.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.84583
VADER
0.586
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0701626588
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0127935826
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0086829968
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0049353031
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0034956283
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0020607615
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0011240028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002871913
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.93683E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.08102E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.1095E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
21.1
Gunning-Fog Score
16.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
38
Sprache Difficult Word Count
37
Dr Solnick
By the end of September, Putin's supporters had launched a new governors' bloc, labeled Yedinstvo, or Unity, to provide what he termed "an alternative" to OVR. More significantly, by the end of September the Russian army was once again on the move in Chechnya, no longer on a mission to preserve the Federation but rather to combat domestic terrorism. As Yeltsin's poll numbers began to climb, driven by the Chechen war, the invincibility of the OVR alliance looked less and less certain. Throughout the fall, regional leaders quietly withdrew their support from OVR and began to climb aboard the Unity bandwagon, reluctant to be buried under what increasingly looked like a Putin landslide. After the December 1999 Duma elections, Luzhkov retreated from the national political scene, eager to reach some modus vivendi with Putin that would allow him to protect his economic and political power base in Moscow. After Yeltsin's surprise resignation at the end of 1999, OVR failed to offer its own candidate for the presidency, and the regional alliance that looked so threatening to Yeltsin six month earlier faded into the background of the Duma. CENTER-REGIONAL RELATIONS UNDER PUTIN As one of his first acts as president, Putin moved to restructure the institutions that regulate center-periphery relations in the Russian Federation. In part, Putin has expressed a straightforward concern that the "vertical" dimension of power must be strengthened if federal laws are to be implemented. More subtly, however, he has also warned of the dangers of a fragmented legal or economic space in Russia. Putin has forcefully argued that foreign investors will continue to shun Russia unless it presents itself as a unified market and an arena in which property rights are equally respected in all regions.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.53846
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.53846
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.45783
VADER
-0.563
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.1331270556
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0577032915
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0080046389
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0053926422
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.003289077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0015301397
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0012254178
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002448269
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001765353
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001339894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.34585E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
32.8
Gunning-Fog Score
18.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
118
Sprache Difficult Word Count
107
Dr Solnick
To these ends, Putin has begun dismantling the patchwork of bilateral agreements and treaties concluded by Yeltsin with many of Russia's regions. One of Putin's first acts as President was to pressure Bashkortostan's president Rakhimov to relinquish that republic's special tax status and to reintegrate itself into unified national fiscal system. According to Putin, president Shaimiev of Tatarstan similarly agreed to forego some of the benefits granted to the republic in its landmark 1994 treaty, though negotiations between Tatar and federal officials have been contentious over the past year.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.46634
VADER
0.84
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.2475840738
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0512468163
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0231923346
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.012569406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0072634852
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0055427732
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0029656874
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010923935
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.53299E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.7541E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.2529E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
22.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
43
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
Dr Solnick
More formally, Putin has introduced a series of laws and decrees that alter the essential relationship between regional governors and the federal government. Laws on the Federation Council and on removing elected governors from office encountered some resistance from the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature, composed ex officio of the governors and regional assembly speakers of each of Russia's 89 regions) but were finally passed at the end of July 2000. A May 2000 decree reorganizing the structure of the federal bureaucracy in the regions went into effect immediately, but the new structures it created are still taking shape.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.19722
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.1612239983
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0537356536
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0470384752
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0169442894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0070643713
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0022289505
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004691867
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004094195
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001047155
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.52909E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
21.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
39
Dr Solnick
Many Russian and Western analysts view these reforms as heralding a recentralization of power at the expense of regional leaders -- Russian and non-Russian alike -- but this interpretation of the reforms is not consistent with the details of the new structures.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0667687564
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0343895663
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0033297954
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0024457588
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018736053
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0010714508
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0004949812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003282188
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001460706
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.26864E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.59872E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
16.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
15
Sprache Difficult Word Count
17
Dr Solnick
Restructuring the Federation Council
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.1646742341
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.055753882
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0061167768
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0054315929
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0046181132
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006025577
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005997017
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003418887
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
6.89027E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
4.28073E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.92385E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
1.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
1.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Dr Solnick
Under the law finally signed by Putin on 5 August, the new Federation Council (FC) will have two representatives from each region, one from the executive side and one from the legislative side (as stipulated by the Russian constitution). Current FC deputies are to serve out their terms, or yield their seats by 1 January 2002.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.60944
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0175626803
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0164633806
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0044146484
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.001785198
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0016978653
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0016426007
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009745359
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0001642544
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001236668
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.70745E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.4015E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
48.5
Gunning-Fog Score
16.2
Coleman-Liau Index
11.2
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
18
Sprache Difficult Word Count
21
Dr Solnick
The FC delegate from the legislative side is to be nominated by the Speaker of the regional assembly. The FC delegate from the executive side is appointed by the governor directly, by decree. That appointment is subject to a potential veto by a vote of two-thirds of the regional assembly. The new FC delegates will serve terms that run concurrently with the terms of their respective appointers: the executive delegate serves as long as the governor/president of the region; the legislative delegate serves as long as the regional legislative session.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.43532
VADER
0.422
Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0197508867
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0049923336
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0027819537
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0014310907
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0012024638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0002422396
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.5058E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
3.66061E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.44003E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.6451E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.676E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
39.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Dr Solnick
Crucially, delegates are subject to recall by the same organs that appointed them. This provision casts doubt on the conventional wisdom that the Federation Council reform will diminish the power of the regional leaders. On the contrary, the FC delegates who replace the current governors will serve only as long as they retain the support of the governors. In addition, the new FC delegates will not concurrently hold responsible positions in their home territories, and will therefore be able to remain in Moscow -- and in session -- far longer than the previous FC norm of one or two days per month. As a consequence, the new Federation Council may prove to be a more significant legislative institution than its predecessor.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.46634
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
0.647
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0721487799
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0116045092
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0075381213
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0025784188
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0011052785
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0009917363
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005957809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000303378
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002598378
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001275564
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.78803E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
37.6
Gunning-Fog Score
17.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
45
Sprache Difficult Word Count
45
Dr Solnick
Removing regional leaders from their automatic seats in the Federation Council will deprive them of a regular opportunity to meet and find common ground in their dealings with the center, however. Many of the regional alliances formed for the 1999 Duma elections were hatched in the corridors of the Federation Council. Some Russian observers have also complained that many of the new delegates to the FC are Muscovites rather than individuals living in the regions they represent. This may have the consequence of diminishing the representation of non-Russian interests in the parliamentary process.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.33647
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.55556
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.55556
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0093545328
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0040614981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0039637191
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0029149387
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000707433
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0006378671
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0005018385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000153842
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.31529E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.41317E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.7625E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.2
Gunning-Fog Score
17.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
37
Dr Solnick
Removing Governors and Regional Legislatures
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0117529329
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0059779006
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0040681349
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006181071
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.000440754
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.00023792
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001722726
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001266106
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.9414E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.9511E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.3364E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
1.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
4
Sprache Difficult Word Count
4
Dr Solnick
Another common misconception is that Putin has won the right to "fire" regional governors and disband regional legislatures. This is a drastic overstatement. According to the new law on the structure of regional authorities, signed 29 July, Putin can essentially impeach regional authorities found to be acting in violation of the constitution. But the new law makes extensive provisions for federal courts and the Duma to play a role in regulating the process.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.22378
VADER
-0.153
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0035394776
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0032477812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.000686083
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0006440149
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004155866
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0002875289
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001008964
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
5.27889E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.48301E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.0273E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.6716E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
37.7
Gunning-Fog Score
17.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
31
Sprache Difficult Word Count
29
Dr Solnick
Putin's objective in this reform is to create a mechanism to force regional authorities to comply with federal law. Under some estimates by the Russian Ministry of Justice, as many as half of all laws and decrees passed at the regional level prior to 2000 were in violation of the federal constitution or other federal laws. Since regional executives and legislatures became elected starting in 1995, there has been no clear mechanism for removing authorities who openly refuse to comply with federal law. On several occasions -- most notably Moscow mayor Luzhkov's refusal to enforce court orders to scrap the capital's residence-permit system -- regional authorities have remained in violation of federal court orders for years.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.22222
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.22222
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.42744
VADER
-0.402
Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0133933572
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0098749915
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0097816832
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0029284241
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0022176198
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0018703133
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0007010962
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003295952
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001176132
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001131321
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.35507E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.9
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
48
Sprache Difficult Word Count
42
Dr Solnick
Under the new law, if a court finds a regional law (or set of laws) to be in violation of the federal constitution, the regional assembly that passed it has three months to fix or annul the law (unless the court provides a different deadline). If it fails to change the law, the President issues a decree putting the regional assembly on "warning." If the regional assembly ignores the "warning" for a further three months, the President can introduce a law into the Duma to dismiss the regional assembly. If it passes and is signed by the president, the regional assembly is stripped of its powers on the day the law goes into effect. When an assembly is disbanded, new elections are scheduled.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.42857
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.42857
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.78846
VADER
-0.898
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1636098954
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1198571874
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0943456951
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0152239751
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0121235731
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0034197325
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0024498206
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0013014052
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004770801
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001487121
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001376129
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
53.9
Gunning-Fog Score
16
Coleman-Liau Index
10.7
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
37
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Dr Solnick
For governors (or republic presidents, as the law makes no clear distinction for republics), the President exercises more discretionary authority. If a governor issues decrees in violation of the federal constitutions there are two alternative responses by the center. First, a court can fmd the act unconstitutional, and the governor then has two months to annul it or face a Presidential decree putting him/her on "warning." Alternatively, if the executive act is annulled by an act of the Russian president rather than a court, the governor has two months to comply with the presidential order or appeal to a court, or else face a "warning." If the warning has no effect after a month, the President can remove the governor (or republic president) from office. The decree removing the governor has a ten-day waiting period before taking effect, and during that time the governor can appeal to the Russian Supreme Court, which must act within 10 days.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.61904
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.69231
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.69231
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.52606
VADER
-0.72
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0179266935
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0124637794
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0042145362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0018510977
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0015562378
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.00083061
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0005705111
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002280395
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.99247E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.7843E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.2693E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
42.7
Gunning-Fog Score
16.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
51
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
Dr Solnick
On the recommendation of the General Procurator, however, the President can also temporarily remove a governor (or republic president) if there is evidence s/he has committed serious crimes and the procuracy attests that an indictment is planned. In the event the chief executive is dismissed by the president, s/he is replaced according to the procedures specified in the regional constitution/ charter. If the charter/constitution makes no provision for an acting chief executive, the President appoints one to serve until new elections are held.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.1431
VADER
-0.103
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0406651408
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0331414136
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.014589887
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0044662542
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0017480239
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0009552987
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009357163
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0007664293
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001323254
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.62877E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.35144E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
25.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
34
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Dr Solnick
It is important to note, however, that in the most prominent case to date of a regional leader forced out of office by Putin -- that of Primorskii Krai's Yevgemi Nazdratenko -- Putin did not make use of his new powers to oust Nazdratenko. Instead, after ratcheting up the pressure on the governor though a serious of auditors and emissaries dispatched to respond to the region's heating crisis, Putin won the governor's agreement to resign. Shortly thereafter, Putin appointed him to chair the federal fisheries committee. Just as Yeltsin had done for years, Putin relied at the crucial moment on the carrot rather than the stick.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.43532
VADER
-0.187
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0087421431
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.007082861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018633114
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0008631779
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0008152503
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0005477095
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005181033
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001693077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.58796E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.4866E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.641E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
39.7
Gunning-Fog Score
16.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
37
Sprache Difficult Word Count
39
Dr Solnick
final reform, this one accomplished by federal decree on 13 May 2000, reorganizes the federal bureaucracy into seven "federal districts" each headed by a Presidential representative. Some observers in Russia and the West have called this reorganization the beginning of a radical redrawing of Russia's federal map. As with the laws discussed above, however, this evaluation is also unsupported by the limited facts currently available.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
-0.557
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0399576704
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0106694388
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0069798582
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0064325679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0023851819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0019970799
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0019458446
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0008613564
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0006441722
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002060359
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.21588E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
20.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
27
Sprache Difficult Word Count
28
Dr Solnick
Proposals to reorganize the federal bureaucracy in Russia along regional lines have been in circulation since the 1920s, and a plan at "regionalization" of the economic planning system contributed to Khrushchev's ouster in 1964. More recently, however, two arguments for redistricting have become confused in Russia. On the one hand, some advisors and politicians have called for a replacement of the current map of 89 federal subunits of varying status (oblast, krai, okrug and republic) with a simpler system of 10-20 "gubemiyas" of comparable size and equal status. This plan would directly threaten the power bases of virtually all regional politicians in Russia and would eliminate the distinction between Russian oblasts and non-Russian "republics." On the other hand, as early as 1997, Yeltsin considered reforming the moribund system of "presidential representatives" which placed a presidential appointee in each region as to serve as the center's "eyes and ears." The presidential representatives in place since 1990 had played almost no role in regional politics and had generally been "captured" by local governors upon whom they depended for support. Under the reforms first considered in 1997, Yeltsin would designate one representative to oversee a group of regions rather an individual region, diminishing the likelihood of their capture by an individual governor.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.58779
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.36364
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.36364
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.72594
VADER
0.452
Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.1191597665
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.09651492
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0817230146
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.054639962
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0546039373
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0453967659
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0428634376
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0195567831
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0066903835
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0048458962
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0017728335
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
25.5
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
89
Sprache Difficult Word Count
74
Dr Solnick
Putin's reorganization represents a revival of the original Yeltsin plan of 1997-not the more radical "guberniya" plans occasionally discussed. Putin himself has disavowed any intent to change the federal map of Russia or abolish the current territorial divisions into oblasts, krais and republics. Instead, far more modestly, Putin intends for the newly appointed presidential representatives -- or "governors- general" -- in the seven new federal districts to have complete oversight authority to supervise the functioning of regional branches of federal institutions. To ensure that these new overseers are loyal to him, Putin has relied heavily of appointees with a military or security background: five of the seven new governors general come from the armed forces or KGB.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.65393
VADER
0.866
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0121930643
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0044007731
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0024809608
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0008227916
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0005787348
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0003454302
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002348096
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.20759E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.29493E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.4507E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.8015E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
14
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
52
Sprache Difficult Word Count
51
Dr Solnick
The exact role the new governors-general will play remains highly uncertain, even a year after the system went into effect. Certain prominent law-and-order ministries -- notably Interior and Justice -- are explicitly reorganizing their field operations along federal district lines. While the governors-general may have different powers in different districts, Putin's intent seems to be to interpose the governors-general between regional governors and the Moscow officials. Rather than lobbying federal officials in Moscow for subsidies or tax breaks, governors are already finding their calls redirected to the governors-general. Laws and regulations in need of regional input are now sent to governors-general for comment, rather than to regional governors directly. Nominations for appointments to vacancies in the regional branches of federal ministries now go to the governors-general rather than the Presidential administration.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.54545
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.54545
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.15745
VADER
0.753
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0131137538
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0083674182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0018486297
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0018134902
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0015033678
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009302256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0004996919
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.20843E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.66587E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.7185E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.08738E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
19.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
52
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
Dr Solnick
Not all federal ministries are embracing the district reorganization. The federal treasury system, which has opened branch offices in each of Russia's 89 regions, has not reorganized along the seven-district model. This means that while governors-general will have oversight power in the area of law-making and personnel appointments, they will not have institutional mechanisms to interrupt or rechannel the flow of federal expenditures to the regions. Under the new Tax Code, however, the flow of tax revenues will be significantly more centralized. Governors-general have also been reviving the Soviet-era (and tsarist) position of "inspectors" who will have the power to conduct audits of regional administrations within the federal districts.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.63599
VADER
-0.153
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0325781322
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.026760652
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0158862968
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0083341482
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.005519739
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013365222
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004299375
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001055692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.34148E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.00347E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.39835E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
27.9
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
45
Dr Solnick
One symbolic element of the reorganization was widely noted by Russian observers: none of the seven district "capitals" are in non- Russian republics. Instead, by basing the federal redistricting on the existing model of militaiy districts rather than economic associations, Putin has signaled that these are to be institutions of control rather than mechanisms of representation or self-govermnent.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.3979
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.2268237993
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.2026349306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0879147497
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0567115145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0521401176
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0135610098
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0023993241
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000483999
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001182306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000103394
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.34292E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
12
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
27
Sprache Difficult Word Count
28
Dr Solnick
Two of the seven appointees to the posts of governor-general played significant roles in the Chechen war. The Southern District, encompassing Chechnya and the rest of the North Caucasus, is the most volatile of the seven. The federal envoy there is Viktor Kazantsev, a general in the Russian Army who was commander of Russian troops in Chechnya until April 2000. Muslim and other non-Russian minorities in the region expressed concern that the district capital was located in Rostov, a Russian oblast capital, rather than in an ethnic republic. The choice of Kazantsev, whose role in the Chechen campaigns was prominent, only served to inflame tensions. In addition, Konstantin Pulikovsky, the federal envoy to the Far Eastern district, is a retired Lieutenant General in the Army. Pulikovskii directed Russian troops assulting Grozny in the summer of 1996. In addition to Primorskii Krai, Pulikovskii's district includes the vast republic of Sakha.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.22222
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.22222
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.42744
VADER
-0.273
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0118778909
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0079846344
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0024507415
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0010373853
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0007161085
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
9.26222E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
3.59236E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.63614E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.8813E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.4835E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.139E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
39.2
Gunning-Fog Score
13.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
66
Sprache Difficult Word Count
58
Dr Solnick
Regional Political Machines
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.0098491197
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0049548504
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0027599233
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0023975812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0001359505
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
8.78677E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
4.17576E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.12625E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.78737E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.7018E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.563E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
1.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
1.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Dr Solnick
Many governors and republic presidents who secured re-election to office in 1996-97 have been coming to the end of their second terms in 2000-2001. Federal law imposes a two-term limit on regional leaders, but manipulations of the election law have already been commonplace. In Tatarstan, President Shaimiev seems intent on pushing the envelope of electoral law manipulation. In February 1996, Shaimiev defied federal election requirements that no candidate run unopposed and won 97 percent of the vote as the only name on the ballot. In 2000, he began to fight against a two-term limit on regional leadership that was due to take effect in 2001. Shaimiev at first framed the issue as a test case in the primacy of republican over federal law, since republican election legislation contains no limit on the number of terms served. Ultimately, Putin supported a change in federal law that would have removed the bar to Shaimiev's reelection -- and open the door to dozens of other regional leaders to seek third or even fourth terms. Once again, Putin opted for a concession that he could use to neutralize regional opposition, in this case from a leader on the non-Russian republics.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.22378
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.38946
VADER
-0.178
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0433527137
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0098475524
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0097122538
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0056270543
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0007151967
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0003395699
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002802427
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.07184E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
3.12643E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.3452E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.321E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
45.8
Gunning-Fog Score
17.2
Coleman-Liau Index
11.6
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
63
Sprache Difficult Word Count
58
Dr Solnick
Even in regions where the Kremlin manages to intervene successfully, its control over events is limited. While Konstantin Pulikovskii, the governor-general in the Far East, was able to orchestrate the ouster of Primorskii governor Nazdratenko, he failed miserably in his bid to have his deputy elected as Nazdratenko's replacement. In other regions over the last year, the backing of Putin and the Kremlin has been insufficient to guarantee the election of gubernatorial candidates favored by the center.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.20067
VADER
-0.052
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.4196963273
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0350225862
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0203575415
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0179528302
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0127145191
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0012706961
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.001018005
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.05233E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
1.99935E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.7203E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.3917E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
18.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
33
Dr Solnick
Beyond their ability to manipulate electoral laws, incumbent regional leaders have secured their hold on regional power by consolidating economic and political mechanisms of control. In many administrations, especially in the non-Russian republics, large enterprises are now partly owned by regional administrations, which secured stakes in payment for tax debts. This gives regional leaders control over significant cash flows and leverage over large labor forces who are also voters. In addition, in many regions, local media are heavily dependent on financing by regional administrations. Local media independence has been waning across Russia for the last five years. Taken together, these factors have resulted in a much higher reelection rate for incumbent governors in the 1997-2000 elections than during the initial 1995-97 election season. In 1999, for instance, 9 of 13 incumbent governors who stood for reelection won.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.02165
VADER
0.904
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.069712667
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0487522659
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0138133517
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0105213243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0040708786
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0010215459
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001208206
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001118123
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
3.14428E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.1134E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.4234E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
60
Sprache Difficult Word Count
57
Dr Solnick
Implications
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.3895427333
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.2141899429
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0891655858
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0161621894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0143484343
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0136023111
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0040854975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010786644
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.03316E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.63956E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.66883E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
0.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Dr Solnick
The reforms of center-regional relations have diminished the governors' presence in Moscow, but have yet to decisively limit their grip on power at home. Since they will still exert significant control over federal legislation through the new Federation Council, and as the functions and staffing of the new governors-general offices are still being worked out, regional leaders -- Russian and non-Russian -- seem poised to continue their dominance of political life within their regions, even if their ability to influence federal policy may diminish under Putin.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.8
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.84583
VADER
0.834
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.2670038026
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0722268247
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0457115675
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0267187657
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0182376854
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0086144784
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0061717546
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0059094145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0019884539
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0014464333
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006239562
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
8.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
37
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
Dr Solnick
This review of Russian regional policy over the last ten years highlights two important trends. First, with the exception of Chechnya, non-Russian republics within the Russian Federation have retained their peculiar constitutional status but increasingly are treated on an equal footing with other components of the Russian Federation. The "ethnic factor" in federal politics is not entirely gone, but it is certainly less prominent at the federal level than it was even five years ago. (It remains a factor at the local level, especially in "republics" where Russians are in the majority.)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.46634
VADER
0.751
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
21.5741857886
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.6051387638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.5167385098
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.1086442149
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0654758071
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0496814086
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0065348933
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0061915256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007297527
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0006800043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003950925
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
31.3
Gunning-Fog Score
17
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
37
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
Dr Solnick
Second, despite his campaign of strengthening vertical accountability, Putin has continued Yeltsin's strategy of co-opling regional leaders -- Russian and non-Russian -- wherever and whenever possible. By allowing non-Russian elites in the ethnic republics to preserve their political and economic power bases in the regions, he has reduced the level of center-regional conflict significantly and assembled a regional consensus behind his drive to consolidate power at the center. This should not be confused with democracy or federalism as we know it: the emerging political structure preserves the power of elites in large party by disenfranchising large segments of society, undermining civil rights, and curtailing media freedoms. What I have tried to suggest here is that this project has lately become a cooperative effort by federal and regional elites -- Russian and non- Russian -- rather than a project directed by the federal leadership against regional leaders.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.45199
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.36364
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.36364
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.72594
VADER
0.569
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.1060536364
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0755804882
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0413547852
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.023241101
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.019704875
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0148392224
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0086564258
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004630899
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001640586
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.8344E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.78909E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
8.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
66
Sprache Difficult Word Count
60
Dr Solnick
Finally, the emerging consensus between federal and regional elites over the nature of the Russian state only deepens the tragedy of Chechnya. There can be, and should be, no illusion that the Russian government's actions in Chechnya are necessary or even useful for preserving the territorial integrity of Russia. The Russian army is not "making an example" of Chechnya for the benefit of other non-Russian regional leaders -- those leaders have long since made their peace with the Kremlin. As an anti-terrorism campaign, the second Chechen war has been counterproductive, but even worse, as a political statement it has been pointless. As it has been for over a century, Chechnya remains a special case in Russia. It merits a special solution to end its agony.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.21131
VADER
0.718
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.1235027215
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1027750666
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.088433671
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.058871822
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0216705565
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0214760526
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0060462105
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0020048024
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
6.16639E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.70245E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.8272E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
40.5
Gunning-Fog Score
15.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
43
Joe Biden
Thank you very much, doctor. Dr. Dunlop. STATEMENT OF DR. JOHN B. DUNLOP, SENIOR FELLOW, THE HOOVER INSTITUTION ON WAR, REVOLUTION, AND PEACE, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, STANFORD, CA
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.51083
VADER
0.273
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.7459940854
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1879238291
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0842519861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.051598961
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0117400064
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0100296238
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0062348015
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0033220658
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0031321491
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0005844191
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002706177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
51.9
Gunning-Fog Score
1.8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
7.9
Automated Readability Index
4.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.4
Sprache Readability Score
2.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
14
Sprache Difficult Word Count
12
George Dunlop
Thank you, Senator Biden, Senator Helms, Senator Lugar.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.3534545889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0941479229
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0688236381
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0226138145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0161210191
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0097380624
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0012559366
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001919111
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001683746
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001556627
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.029E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
29.5
Gunning-Fog Score
3.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
6
Sprache Difficult Word Count
4
George Dunlop
The current war in Chechnya has lasted 2 months longer than did the previous 1994-1996 conflict, and there appears to be little chance of a negotiated settlement occurring in the foreseeable future. The term "Khasavyurt Accords," signifying the August 1996 peace settlement which put an end to the fighting, has now become a term of abuse, both for the Putin leadership and the Russian military and police. "No more Khasavyurts!" is a rallying cry frequently heard in statements by regime representatives and by their supporters. Russian opinion polls show that the public has, by now, grown weary of this stalled and costly military campaign.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.43532
VADER
-0.916
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.22856656
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0072692295
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0064515072
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0035639016
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0035613837
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.002210186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0004596031
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004467731
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003473975
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002791968
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001160167
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.6
Gunning-Fog Score
13.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
George Dunlop
President Putin, however, has made it clear that he intends to carry on with the war for as long as it takes to achieve an unconditional victory. In mid-March of this year, he indicated that Stalin's postwar campaign against anti-Soviet partisans in western Ukraine and the Baltic could serve as a relevant precedent, suggesting that he, like Stalin, is prepared, if necessary, to continue this war for 10 years or longer, for as long as it takes.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.63599
VADER
0.273
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.1276473398
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0267644791
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.017450907
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0067718051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0038939503
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0020118352
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0010897371
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004683083
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001856311
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
6.43338E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.71539E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38.2
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
10.7
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
22
Sprache Difficult Word Count
27
George Dunlop
It should be underscored that the economic costs of this war have been and remain very high. In April of this year, economic specialist Boris Vishnevsky calculated that in 1999 and the year 2000, the Russian Government had spent approximately $8.8 billion on military activities in Chechnya, thereby exceeding the annual budgets of the capital cities of Moscow and Petersburg.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.2257929882
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0326663983
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0320736144
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0128976491
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.005406293
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0043653203
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0009368047
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003206426
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002704744
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.0133E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.7842E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
26.9
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
20
Sprache Difficult Word Count
24
George Dunlop
In light of the Putin regime's apparent commitment to soldier on with the war, despite these appalling human and economic costs, what should the representatives of the G-7 countries be saying to Mr. Putin at the upcoming Genoa summit? In my opinion, they should, inter alia, talk to him about war crimes and about the apparent impunity of the Russian forces stationed in Chechnya.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.31015
VADER
-0.697
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0988947344
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0160927462
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.011620023
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.004818257
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0046569876
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0017272308
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000921516
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0007987886
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004125225
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000119346
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.19676E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
44.3
Gunning-Fog Score
15.4
Coleman-Liau Index
11.9
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
George Dunlop
Recently, a number of high-ranking pro-Moscow Chechen officials have begun to complain vigorously about lawlessness and marauding on the part of the Russian forces based in Chechnya. On 9th of July, for example, the pro-Moscow head of administration for the republic, Mufti Akhmad Kadyrov, maintained that "large-scale crimes against civilians" had been committed, while "not a single bandit was arrested, not a single rifle was confiscated, and no explosive substances were found." In similar fashion, Shamil Beno, until recently Kadyrov's official representative in Moscow, confided: "Chechen civilians are being killed on a daily basis. Our estimates show that an average of from 15 to 20 civilians are being killed every day, and these are the cases that become known." Statements such as these from well-informed pro-Moscow administrators, are important. If even such officials claim that war crimes are taking place in Chechnya, then one can be quite sure that they are.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.22378
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.27444
VADER
-0.938
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0994543196
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0465953548
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0271286495
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0156292925
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0089917477
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0063830536
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0040480267
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0025919237
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006060646
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004950676
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003441426
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
36.4
Gunning-Fog Score
17.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
58
Sprache Difficult Word Count
54
George Dunlop
From such accounts, which could easily be multiplied many times over, it seems obvious that a breakdown of discipline and of elementary order has taken place among the Russian forces based in Chechnya. Sent into the republic to combat bandits, they have themselves become bandits who prey lawlessly on the civilian populous. To date, these marauders have been acting with virtual impunity.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.20067
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0844524009
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0195534813
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0102883787
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0056020239
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0038185935
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.002689728
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0015119499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006909368
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004962224
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002318315
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.17616E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.8
Gunning-Fog Score
16
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
23
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
George Dunlop
This question of the impunity of the Russian Federal forces based in Chechnya should be raised by the G-7 leaders when they meet with President Putin in Genoa at the end of this week. On the 12th of this month, Lord Russell-Johnston, president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, or PACE, stated in Strasbourg: "In recent weeks, there has been mounting evidence of a rapidly deteriorating human-rights situation in Chechnya. There is little doubt that the conduct of the Russian forces is largely to blame for this. I expect all human rights violations to be condemned at the highest levels by the Russian authorities." And Russell-Johnston continued: "The reports of human-rights abuses come against the background of the Russian authorities' deplorable lack of willingness to properly investigate allegations of past abuse. The failure to bring to justice those responsible for crimes constitutes a blatant violation of Russia's obligations as a member of the Council of Europe and as a party to its most important conventions."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.875
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.875
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.33537
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.0303
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.0303
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.05884
VADER
-0.943
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.3964696545
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0187632744
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0169610037
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0073542928
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0071048329
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0016772561
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0010644133
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.79327E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
2.45622E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.73096E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.589E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
36.2
Gunning-Fog Score
16.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
64
Sprache Difficult Word Count
62
George Dunlop
Noting that a PACE delegation would be visiting Chechnya in mid-September and that the dreadful situation in the republic would be discussed in detail at an assembly session that month, Russell-Johnston added: "By September, we expect to receive evidence of concrete and substantial progress with regard to both the present conduct of Russian security forces and the investigations of past abuses." This message, one would think, is one that should also be delivered to the Russian President by G-7 representatives at the upcoming Genoa summit.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.61904
VADER
-0.128
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.1117492444
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0532843987
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0051568051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0050177499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0047320038
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0031587919
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0025878855
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0014669875
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005078397
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001201261
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.6883E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
18
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
37
George Dunlop
The recent transfer of former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic to the International Criminal Tribunal in The Hague, an action sharply criticized by President Putin, has prompted several leading Russian democrats to envisage a similar fate awaiting those responsible for committing war crimes in Chechnya. "I affirm, and I am prepared to prove," Duma deputy and former Russian Human Rights Commissioner Sergei Kovalev observed recently, "that the losses taking place among the civilian population of Chechnya are not simply the result of clumsiness or imprecision by the Federal command. I affirm, rather, this a conscious and purposeful policy."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
-0.84
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
2.1765397862
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
1.84900444
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.5754164886
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.3803825704
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.2615102567
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.1174010686
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0597976497
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0368113484
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.016375081
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0026532967
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0007047233
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
10.9
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
53
Sprache Difficult Word Count
52
George Dunlop
The issue of Chechen refugees represents one facet of the present conflict which deserves to be highlighted. Currently, there are at least 150,000 to 160,000 Chechen refugees seeking shelter in the autonomous Republic of Ingushetia. The Putin leadership has made it clear that it wants this entire populace relocated to Chechnya, even though it cannot conceivably guarantee their physical safety. The Chechen refugees do not want to be sent back into a war zone, an action which would furthermore constitute a violation of the Geneva Conventions. As one refugee woman put it, "I have three children. Do you think that we are being kept here in Ingushetia against our will or that we are living here for humanitarian aid, for moldy macaroni? I would be glad to live in my own home in Chechnya, but I am responsible for my children and I cannot subject them to danger. If the war ends, then we will immediately go home." This sentiment appears to be that of a weighty majority of the refugees.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.04348
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.04348
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.08338
VADER
-0.866
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.5492807832
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.2789817518
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0551451172
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.051830645
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0358393416
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0318137812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0254765357
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0040151856
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000355592
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.23331E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.4767E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.4
Gunning-Fog Score
13.5
Coleman-Liau Index
11
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
46
Sprache Difficult Word Count
45
George Dunlop
I was asked to add a few comments concerning the position of other minority peoples living in Russia, but, due to lack of time, let me only say that, in my opinion, we do appear to be seeing a retreat from federalism in Russia today and a desire to recreate a unitary state such as existed under the Communists, though this process is ongoing and far from complete.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.45199
VADER
0.422
Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.1855718787
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0931616931
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0187173704
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0186441815
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0182136355
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0164507961
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.011198299
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0023899634
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0010682625
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0007197414
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.97818E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
8.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
9.4
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
18
Sprache Difficult Word Count
22
George Dunlop
I conclude my paper with two policy recommendations. First, the U.S. Congress should require an annual report from the State Department detailing the status of human rights and the violations of international law in Chechnya. And, second, the State Department should be asked to appoint a special coordinator for Chechnya who would coordinate the logistical work among different bureaus and areas: human rights, refugees, Russia, North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. A key focus for this coordinator would be the Chechen refugee tragedy. And, finally, let me offer support for the concurrent resolution which will be shortly introduced by Senator Helms concerning the tragedy in Chechnya and other recent Russian political developments on the occasion of the upcoming G-7 meeting. Thank you.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.53408
VADER
-0.743
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
1.1230319738
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.3796877339
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1399616362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.1250049914
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0260192639
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0233786486
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.018382557
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0175802896
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.013664359
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0072513045
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0026888127
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
37.8
Gunning-Fog Score
14
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
50
Sprache Difficult Word Count
47
Note
[The prepared statement of Dr. Dunlop follows:] Prepared Statement of Dr. John B. Dunlop RUSSIA'S UNDECLARED WAR AGAINST CHECHEN CIVILIANS The current war in Chechnya has lasted two months longer than did the previous 1994-1996 conflict, and there appears to be little chance of a negotiated settlement occurring in the foreseeable future. The term "Khasavyurt Accords," signifying the August 1996 peace settlement which put an end to the fighting, has now become a term of abuse both for the Putin leadership and for the Russian military and police. "No more Khasavyurts!" is a rallying cry frequently heard in statements by regime representatives and by their supporters.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.934
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.2884193556
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.2014173428
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.1875648974
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0211835257
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0137502604
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0082560429
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0067941342
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0021825692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0011641487
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002163446
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001153595
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.9
Gunning-Fog Score
11.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
37
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
George Dunlop
Russian opinion polls show that the public -- which, at the beginning of the conflict in 1999, enthusiastically embraced the war effort, thus propelling Vladimir Putin into the Russian presidency at the time of the March 2000 elections -- has by now grown weary of the stalled and costly military campaign. A Russia-wide survey conducted last month by the independent research center ROMIR found only 33.7% of Russian citizens to one extent or another supporting the actions of the federal forces in Chechnya, while 53.5% opposed those actions. The poll also found that 20.2% of respondents wanted a full withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and a recognition of the independence of that republic.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.37949
VADER
-0.44
Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0375679898
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0122987782
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0104562314
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0072067647
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0059984923
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0054630629
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.00132215
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004129152
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.36658E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.64513E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.5018E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
42
George Dunlop
"A tectonic shift," the well-known sociologist Boris Kagarlitsky commented earlier this month, "is occurring in [Russian] society now, as an anti-military mood is not only becoming widespread, but actually predominant. This mood is already, in my estimation, stronger than it was at the end of the first Chechen war." Kagarlitsky went on to note that, "The recent state attacks on the [Russiani press have been largely motivated by its military failures. Not able to achieve results on the battlefield, the Kremlin can only double and redouble its propaganda effort. . . . This means opening a second front -- at home, against journalists." (Moscow Times, July 9)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.28571
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.28571
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.54654
VADER
-0.914
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.4821617622
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.2283883048
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0747591141
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.040833652
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0144308709
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0135256385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0102490747
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0052147585
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0017748889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0011693349
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.25714E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
42
Gunning-Fog Score
15.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
38
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
George Dunlop
Despite the "tectonic shift" in public opinion to which Kagarlitsky refers, few in Russia expect President Putin or his team to be seriously concerned over this decline in public support for the conflict. Russia now possesses what has been described as an "elective monarchy," and a Russian sitting president must briefly focus upon public moods only when an election draws near (the next presidential election, of course, is scheduled for March of 2004). The Russian public is aware of this situation. When, at the end of last month, Ekho Moskvy Radio asked its listeners if the war in Chechnya would end soon, 90% of those who phoned in with a comment predicted that the conflict would not end soon; only 10% believed in an early end to the war.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.4
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.4
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.76214
VADER
-0.886
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.8106980249
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.2534854226
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1524954801
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0548572047
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0497724395
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.021174358
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0093648952
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0023535553
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0010685283
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002384454
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001329291
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
50.2
Gunning-Fog Score
16.3
Coleman-Liau Index
11.2
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
George Dunlop
President Putin has made it clear that he is prepared to carry on with the war for as long as it takes to achieve an unconditional victory. In mid-March of this year, during a conversation with the editors of four leading Russian newspapers, Putin cited Stalin's postwar campaign against anti-Soviet partisans in western Ukraine and the Baltic as a relevant precedent, suggesting that he, like Stalin, is prepared, if necessary, to continue the war for ten years or longer -- for as long as it takes. (Izvestiya, March 22)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8873
VADER
-0.226
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.1531815389
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0797834247
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0795157277
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0625253422
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0337956066
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0266233343
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0213985259
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0008690804
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000781398
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003237385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.84797E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
43.8
Gunning-Fog Score
17.3
Coleman-Liau Index
11.3
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
29
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
George Dunlop
It should be underscored that the economic costs of the war have been and remain very high. In April of this year, economics specialist Boris Vishnevsky calculated that, in 1999 and 2000, the Russian government spent approximately $8.8 billion on military activities in Chechnya, thereby exceeding the annual budgets of the capital cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. (Novaya Gazeta, no. 29) The war has also been costly in terms of human life. On the sixth of this month, sources in the Russian Defense Ministry told Interfax that 3,433 servicemen had been killed to date in the conflict, and that 10,160 had been wounded. The Soldiers' Mothers' Committee of Russia believes that these figures are far too low and estimates that to date approximately 10,000 soldiers have been killed and 12,000 wounded. (New York Times Magazine, 8 July)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.28571
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.28571
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.54654
VADER
-0.973
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.1077142311
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0341493374
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0152263849
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0127279243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0102666221
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0026601449
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.001960756
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005657902
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003087766
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000111067
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.57941E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
59.5
Gunning-Fog Score
12.7
Coleman-Liau Index
10.9
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8.8
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
50
George Dunlop
In light of the Putin regime's apparent commitment to soldier on with the war despite these appalling human and economic costs, what should representatives of the G-7 countries say to Mr. Putin at the upcoming Genoa summit? In my opinion, they should talk to him about war crimes and about the apparent impunity of the Russian forces stationed there. Whether or not he is prepared to admit it, Putin faces a growing political and social crisis in the form of the massive loss of discipline by and the disintegration and criminalization of the Russian military and police forces based in Chechnya. In the 26 June issue of the Boston Globe, journalist David Filipov reported the widespread practice of Russian officers' selling the bodies of deceased Chechens to their relatives at an exorbitant price. One woman with whom Filipov spoke, the mother of five children, was offered the body of a nephew by a Russian officer for the sum of $1,000, plus a $200 gold necklace. Military and police shakedowns, Filipov notes, take place non-stop at the numerous checkpoints set up throughout the republic. "Everyone in Chechnya," he writes, "must pay bribes to pass military checkpoints, some of which have `cash register' signs pointing out where to pay. Nearly everyone has had property or valuables confiscated during document checks."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.43508
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.07143
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.07143
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.13815
VADER
-0.876
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.8608740754
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0792427338
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0407626387
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0274442107
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0143441663
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0052750325
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0050527495
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0045619938
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0017200049
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0006116977
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001657672
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
43.3
Gunning-Fog Score
16.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
82
Sprache Difficult Word Count
83
George Dunlop
At the beginning of this month, as correspondent Patrick Tyler reported in the 11 July issue of the New York Times, hundreds of Russian Interior Ministry troops, backed by helicopter gun-ships, swept into two villages -- Assinovskaya and Sernovodsk -- lying close to Chechnya's border with the neighboring autonomous republic of Ingushetiya. They arrived in more than one hundred armored personnel carriers, whose identification numbers had been intentionally smudged over. All Chechen males between the ages of 15 and 55 were then forcibly taken away to filtration points. In the village of Assinovskaya. which Tyler personally visited, soldiers had kicked down the doors of a school, thrown grenades into empty classrooms, and blown open three safes, from which they had appropriated the equivalent of $2,000 in cash, funds earmarked for the payment of teachers' salaries.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.20067
VADER
-0.572
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
1.1444613338
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1958588837
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.1063041273
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.054385059
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0374845491
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0330181705
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0314548291
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0234190753
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0213766238
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0042929711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0004062447
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
32.8
Gunning-Fog Score
16.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
43
Sprache Difficult Word Count
53
George Dunlop
Recently a number of high-ranking pro-Moscow Chechen officials have begun to complain vigorously about such lawlessness and marauding on the part of the Russian forces based in Chechnya. On 9 July, for example, the pro-Moscow head of administration for the republic, Mufti Akhmad Kadyrov, maintained that "large scale crimes against civilians" had been committed, while "not a single bandit was arrested, not a single rifle was confiscated, and no explosive substances were found." Kadyrov accused the Russian troops of robbing hospitals as well as the already-mentioned school in Assinovskya. (Gazeta.ru, 9 July)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.31015
VADER
-0.612
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.7688418031
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.3168832278
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1347930171
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1168596558
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.1168372808
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0043118158
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0012021978
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.001124879
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006463043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0006283871
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.02341E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38
Gunning-Fog Score
15.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
43
Sprache Difficult Word Count
42
George Dunlop
In similar fashion, Shamil Beno, until recently Kadyrov's official representative in Moscow, confided to Ekho Moskvy Radio on 9 July: "[Chechen] civilians are being killed on a daily basis. Our estimates show that an average from 15 to 20 civilians are killed every day. These are cases that become known." In the village of Novyi Sharoi, Beno went on to report, all males between the ages of 14 and 55 had been detained by Russian troops and subjected to electric shock torture while they were being interrogated. Chechen detainees, he said, were required to pay 500 rubles to keep their cars from being smashed and 1,500 rubles to avoid being physically beaten.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.99853
VADER
-0.978
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.036559123
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0135507347
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0048401278
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.004384746
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0042475574
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0010595783
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0010175692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000469952
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0003379977
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001359963
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.87833E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
48.9
Gunning-Fog Score
14.7
Coleman-Liau Index
11
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
42
George Dunlop
Lastly, Rudnik Dudaev (no relation to the late Chechen president), who is currently the secretary of the pro-Moscow security council of Chechnya, told Moscow News a week ago: "They [Russian soldiers] move about in armored vehicles carrying black flags upon which a skull and crossbones have been emblazoned. Many of them also have a skull and crossbones on the [ski] masks they wear. . . . Almost all of the armored vehicles they drive have their numbers smeared over with dirt: in case of an incident, and such incidents occur often, the vehicle cannot be found." The Russian military and police, Dudaev went on to assert, are heavily involved in -- indeed they effectively control -- the vast illegal transport of Chechen oil out of the republic. (Moskovskie Novosti, no. 28)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.16705
VADER
-0.44
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0720524869
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0586400914
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0121706682
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0089740075
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0031547697
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0019265784
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009498009
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0007653584
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002695467
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000126013
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.483E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.1
Gunning-Fog Score
13.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
45
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
George Dunlop
Statements such as these from well-informed pro-Moscow administrators are important. If even these officials claim that war crimes are taking place in Chechnya, then one can be quite sure that they are. Significantly, the commander of the Russian Combined Group of Forces in Chechnya, General Vladimir Moltenskoi, himself admitted a week ago: "Those who conducted the searches [in Sernovodsk and Assinovskya] did so in a lawless fashion, committing numerous outrages, and then pretending that they knew nothing about them." (Quoted in the New York Times, 11 July) Later on the same day that he had made this admission, however, Moltenskoi began to backpedal and to qualify his remarks. (Washington Post, 12 July)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.37949
VADER
-0.409
Negative
Moderation
Violence
1.6502067447
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
1.3756837696
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
1.0820469819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.4880472552
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.099457358
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0253416685
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0124208178
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0084566185
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0036205372
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001432399
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.79722E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
46.8
Gunning-Fog Score
15
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
George Dunlop
The crimes committed by Russian forces in Chechnya have been confirmed and amplified by other sources of reliable information. Thus, the office of the leading human rights organization, Memorial, in Nazran, Ingushetiya reported that one man, Salambek Amagov, had died of liver failure after being harshly beaten by Russian soldiers in Sernovodsk. In that village, Memorial also reported, 700 people had been herded together: "The rates were made clear: boys cost 200 rubles, older people from 500 to 1,000 rubles depending on whether they had local registration." (Moscow Times, 9 July)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.25131
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.64663
VADER
-0.718
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0244548282
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0153322588
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0131604043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0104382409
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0075753269
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0010813279
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009848814
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005991906
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.766E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.41542E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.87796E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
37.3
Gunning-Fog Score
14
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
37
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
George Dunlop
From the above accounts -- which could easily be multiplied many times over -- it seems obvious that a complete breakdown of discipline and of elementary order has taken place among the Russian forces based in Chechnya. Sent into the republic to combat "bandits," they have themselves become bandits who prey lawlessly on the civilian populace. To date, these marauders have been acting with virtual impunity. The national chair of the human rights organization Memorial, Oleg Orlov, recently pointed out that, in Chechnya, 212 criminal cases in which Russian soldiers were suspects had been quashed by the pro-Moscow Chechen procuracy, allegedly because that entity had been unable to determine which soldier had committed a specific crime. (Interfax, 10 July)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.802
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0300600281
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0286992494
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.016552677
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0077187535
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0040525534
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0039181174
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0029693012
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0022855096
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.26508E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.96259E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.45118E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
29.5
Gunning-Fog Score
18.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
50
Sprache Difficult Word Count
51
George Dunlop
This question of the shocking impunity of the Russian federal forces based in Chechnya should be raised by the G-7 leaders when they meet with President Putin in Genoa at the end of this week. On the twelfth of this month, Lord Russell-Johnston, President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), stated in Strasbourg: "In recent weeks, there has been mounting evidence of a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation in Chechnya. There is little doubt that the conduct of the Russian forces -- as manifested during the recent "mop-up" operations in Assinovskaya and Sernovodsk -- is largely to blame for this. I expect all human rights violations to be condemned at the highest levels by the Russian authorities." And Russell-Johnston continued: "The reports of human rights abuses come against the background of the Russian authorities' deplorable lack of willingness to properly investigate allegations of past abuse. The failure to bring to justice those responsible for crimes constitutes a blatant violation of Russia's obligations as a member of the Council of Europe and as a party to its most important conventions, notably the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.9
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.9
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.04762
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.04762
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.09309
VADER
-0.983
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0189604383
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0063970816
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0043245076
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0027565511
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009876957
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002472061
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002245538
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.000221983
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
2.48794E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
6.203E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.488E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
25.2
Gunning-Fog Score
18.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
82
Sprache Difficult Word Count
76
George Dunlop
Noting that a PACE delegation would be visiting Chechnya in mid- September and that the dreadful situation in the republic would be discussed in detail at an Assembly session to be held in late September, Russell-Johnston added: "By that time [September], we expect to receive evidence of concrete and substantial progress with regard to both the present conduct of the Russian security forces and the investigations of past abuses." (Council of Europe Press Unit, 12 July) Russell-Johnston concluded by inviting European and world leaders who have developed close and cordial relationships with President Putin to "use their influence to bring to bear effective pressure on the Russian authorities to change their present unacceptable conduct." This message, one would think, is precisely one that should be delivered to the Russian president by G-7 representatives at the upcoming Genoa summit.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.95551
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.52941
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.52941
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
-0.077
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.0258067914
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0089008747
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0082527062
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0053549767
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0030189374
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009646752
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005917464
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003750828
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0002490877
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001488336
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.55163E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
15
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
58
Sprache Difficult Word Count
56
George Dunlop
The recent transfer of former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic to the International Criminal Tribunal in the Hague -- an action sharply criticized by President Putin -- has prompted several leading Russian democrats to envisage a similar fate awaiting those responsible for committing war crimes in Chechnya. "I affirm and am prepared to prove," Duma deputy and former Russian human rights commissioner Sergei Kovalev observed recently, "that the losses taking place among the civilian population of Chechnya are not simply the result of clumsiness or imprecision by the federal command. I affirm, rather, that this is a conscious and purposeful policy." (Russkaya Mysl' [Paris], 28 June)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
-0.84
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0153144778
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0020177376
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0005757819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0005642415
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004436773
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004150321
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002864945
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002530472
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
4.53297E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.47875E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.1528E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
20.9
Gunning-Fog Score
17.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
56
Sprache Difficult Word Count
55
George Dunlop
In similar fashion, a leading Russian military journalist, Pavel Felgenhauer, recently wrote in a hard-hitting essay entitled "An Echo of Groznyi in the Hague": "It has already been proven that, during the course of the present Chechen campaign, the Russian military have massively infringed international conventions which have been ratified by Russia and have been employing forbidden forms of weaponry." Citing a report by Colonel General Leonid Zolotov, commander of the prestigious Frunze Military Academy, Felgenhauer remarked that incendiary bombs and so-called vacuum bombs had been employed by the Russian air force on the city of Groznyi at a time when it contained "up to 100,000 peaceful inhabitants." In Groznyi and other Chechen cities, "there were killed thousands of women, the elderly and children." Such actions manifestly violated the Geneva Conventions. Felgenhauer thus foresees a day when "[military] staffs and ministers and many individuals" in Russia will find themselves "on an international wanted list." (Moskovskie Novosti, no. 27)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.58779
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.12516
VADER
-0.836
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0135931827
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.001940563
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0013104855
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0011021178
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003371951
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0002149972
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002137685
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001693193
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
8.09922E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.15345E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.2278E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
29.2
Gunning-Fog Score
16.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
70
Sprache Difficult Word Count
65
George Dunlop
The issue of Chechen refugees represents one facet of the present conflict which deserves to be highlighted. Currently there are at least 150,000-160,000 Chechen refugees seeking shelter in the autonomous republic of Ingushetiya. Indeed the numbers of these refugees seem to have swollen as a result of recent marauding by the Russian military and police. The Putin leadership has made it crystal clear that it wants this entire populace relocated to Chechnya, even though it cannot conceivably guarantee their physical security.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
0.342
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.2805166878
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0889777322
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0260518078
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0048494556
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0034524182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0032805219
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000973802
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0008290027
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003925862
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001436492
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.33548E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38.5
Gunning-Fog Score
16.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
George Dunlop
On 6 June, at a meeting held at the Andrei Sakharov Museum in Moscow, Ruslan Badalov of the Chechen Committee for National Salvation, presented a representative of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) with an appeal which had been signed by 10,000 Chechen refugees living in Ingushetiya. "Today," Badalov said, "the Russian government has unveiled a new campaign, the goal of which is, at any cost, to return the refugees to Chechnya." This is being done, Badalov said, because "Russia fears complicating its relations with the West and is therefore prepared to hide the human tragedies far away from everyone." (Kommersant, 7 June)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.31015
VADER
-0.477
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0844716793
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0422161858
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0351708732
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0121110708
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0046045388
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0043773969
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0035105546
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000852745
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0008015249
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005586692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0004710819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38.2
Gunning-Fog Score
14.8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
39
Sprache Difficult Word Count
43
George Dunlop
The Chechen refugees, as was repeatedly stressed at this meeting, do not want to be forced back into a war zone, an action which would, furthermore, constitute a violation of the Geneva Conventions. As one Chechen refugee in Ingushetiya, Zareta Sembieva, put it to a Russian newspaperwoman: "I have three children. Do you think that we are being kept here [in Ingushetiya] against our will? Or that we are living here for the humanitarian aid -- for moldy macaroni? I would be glad to live in our own home [in Chechnya] . . . But I am responsible for my children and cannot subject them to danger. If the war ends, then we will immediately go home." (Novye Izvestiya, 25 May) Sembieva's sentiments appear to be those of a weighty majority of Chechen refugees.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.47957
VADER
-0.943
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0365500426
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0310405361
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0176851172
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0093857889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0067953777
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.001209679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006934571
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002840474
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001904737
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.1485E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.9723E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
54.5
Gunning-Fog Score
11.1
Coleman-Liau Index
10.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
7.8
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
George Dunlop
I have been asked to add a few brief comments concerning the position of other minority peoples living in Russia. Obviously the tragedy of the Chechens is unique, but other Russian minorities, too: are feeling the effects of the Putin regime's retreat from democracy and from its apparent desire to reconstruct a de facto unitary state. In Ingushetiya less than a week ago, President Ruslan Aushev felt required to publicly condemn the "barbarism and vandalism" of Russian troops stationed in his republic. The troops had shot up an ancient funeral vault, dating back at least to the sixteenth century, and had desecrated a twelfth century Christian church ("Khaba-Erdy" church). An ancient tower had likewise been razed. Russian soldiers had been stunning fish by throwing hand grenades into the Asa and Aramkhi rivers; had been wantonly chopping down local forests; had fired with automatic weapons at and had killed livestock belonging to the local populace; and had set fire to hay gathered by local farmers. The Ingush populace were understandably said to be enraged at this wanton behavior. (Strana.ru and NTV.ru, 13 July)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.95551
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.46667
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.46667
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.93827
VADER
-0.957
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.1066308352
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0151036176
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0106350541
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0051126772
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0044560147
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0009955694
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0004563075
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0004274827
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002668626
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001752282
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001527116
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
46.8
Gunning-Fog Score
13.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
82
Sprache Difficult Word Count
80
George Dunlop
In its manifest retreat from federalism and in its clear-cut desire to recreate a unitary state such as existed under the communists, the Putin regime, backed up by a generally subservient judiciary, has been repudiating provisions contained in forty-two treaties signed by the Russian government during the Yeltsin period with autonomous republics and other subjects of the Russian Federation. The republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sakha-Yakutiya, and Tyva were reported to be especially unhappy over these developments. In another recent change, the heads of republican ministries of internal affairs have been made directly subordinate to President Putin rather than to local regional heads. The movement back toward a Soviet-style unitary state continues.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.1431
VADER
0.137
Leans Positive
Moderation
Harassment
4.4480968267
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.019898059
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0077043849
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0073992858
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0014464401
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013509823
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002625589
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001920484
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.88494E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.25998E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.9899E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
12.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
50
Sprache Difficult Word Count
52
George Dunlop
I conclude my paper with two policy recommendations: 1. The U.S. Congress should require an annual report from the State Department detailing the status of human rights and of violations of international law in Chechnya. 2. The State Department should be asked to appoint a special coordinator for Chechnya who would coordinate the logistical work among different bureaus and areas: Human Rights, Refugees, Russia, North Caucasus, Azerbaijan and Georgia. A key focus for this coordinator would be the Chechen refugee tragedy.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.43532
VADER
-0.727
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.2739742864
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.027523216
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0243843548
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0154495327
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0125018458
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0071495335
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0058355454
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.40328E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.16767E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.28617E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.806E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
44.3
Gunning-Fog Score
11
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
4.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
34
Sprache Difficult Word Count
31
Joe Biden
Thank you very much. Dr. Balzer.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0245748786
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0045805165
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0024285551
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0015489013
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0015126507
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006319749
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000427136
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000171673
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001048887
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.8362E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.59455E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
92
Gunning-Fog Score
0.8
Coleman-Liau Index
7.6
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
1.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Joe Biden
(CERES), GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, DC
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.0232623148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0091210968
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0011216106
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0005673771
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0005103479
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0003367456
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002853841
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001796207
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001093302
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.43411E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.638E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
1.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
5
Sprache Difficult Word Count
5
Dr Balzer
Thank you. It is an honor to be here.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0.691
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0108228371
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0061220642
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0023230017
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0017071588
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0003976861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0003561265
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001830362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.5979E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.3478E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
6.7653E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.8995E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
1.8
Coleman-Liau Index
1.8
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0.2
Sprache Readability Score
1.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Dr Balzer
I am a cultural anthropologist, and I spent 10 of the last 12 summers in the Sakha Republic, but I will try to be broader than that for this talk and discuss federalism in Russia, or Rossiia, as people there often call it, implying the multi- ethnic dimensions of the Federation. And the question is: From above, from below, or nowhere?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0934511016
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0351843715
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0212602143
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0165386664
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0042609539
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0008857397
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008235452
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006643953
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003304084
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001562654
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.7017E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
45.5
Gunning-Fog Score
14.8
Coleman-Liau Index
9.4
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
14
Sprache Difficult Word Count
18
Dr Balzer
As economic, political, and military crises inside the Federation of Rossiia worsen, debates intensify over whether central, Moscow, policies and practices aggravate the fissures of separatism and nationalism. To probe issues underlying this still-unfolding process, diverse ways that republic representatives have been responding to chaos and attempts to reassert central control should be explored. Through the study of the crisis-driven 1990's, enormously painful to victims of war and economic deprivation, we can learn much about the dynamics of polarization and the politics of social and national identity.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.70805
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.12516
VADER
-0.968
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.1271941699
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0513361127
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0385790976
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0276542589
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0117107695
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0110737812
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0051796243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0018221077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006293707
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002447729
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.22808E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
4.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
45
Sprache Difficult Word Count
45
Dr Balzer
The secession attempts of the Chechens from Russia have a long history aggravated by two 1990's brutalizing wars that have not subsided despite President Putin's protestations of peace at hand. While President Putin's handling of Chechnya is the opposite of a reasoned Federal strategy, other aspects of his policies do come closer to a negotiated federalism and also represent his attempts to become a populist President. Images of President Putin piloting a fighter plane in Chechnya contrast with his smiling participation at the annual Turkic Sabbantui summer festivals of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan where he went to court and cajole the Presidents of these republics in 2000 and 2001, respectively.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.511
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0460165931
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0201284769
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0115533556
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0083018167
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0057610374
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.001585077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0010476655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001249451
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001206025
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.3959E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.15732E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
19.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
48
Sprache Difficult Word Count
45
Dr Balzer
These public displays were noticed by my friends in the Parliament of the Sakha Republic where surprised deputies, seeing President Putin in shirt sleeves and knowing his KGB background, proclaimed, "He has gone to the people. He is appealing to the public." Like President Yeltsin, President Putin has been using a combination of carrots and sticks to attempt to manage the unwieldy Federation he inherited. But, to continue Steve Solnick's metaphor, unlike President Yeltsin, President Putin has shortened the carrots and strengthened the sticks. Leaders in the republics have been put on notice that all the carrots have sticks behind them.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.4
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.4
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.76214
VADER
0.852
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.6726585794
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0144576727
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0036390458
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0017101946
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006236861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0005474155
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0002164519
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001686079
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.7593E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.79069E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.26213E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
49.8
Gunning-Fog Score
12
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
33
Dr Balzer
The main message of this testimony is that most of the republics inside of Russia are not secessionist and not likely to become dominoes in a potential aftermath of any successful Chechnya negotiated secession. However, the potential for radicalization and polarization does exist, depending on center policies and on center-republic dynamics.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.78846
VADER
0.71
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.1043123077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0223810785
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0135066162
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0081244369
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0046963312
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0035248853
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.002066593
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007843261
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001343827
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001019945
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.84859E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
20
Sprache Difficult Word Count
22
Dr Balzer
The region where radicalization is greatest is the North Caucasus, especially among the neighbors of Chechnya where the outpouring of Chechen refugees, as we just heard, including embittered, unemployed, and poorly educated youth, has become a serious destabilizing problem made worse by recent Russian military atrocities in villages near the unstable Chechen- Ingushetia border.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.95551
VADER
-0.586
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0760890311
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0658505945
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0044357232
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0037247471
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0033178454
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0025080108
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018714196
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004372952
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.62764E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.29931E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.4885E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
26
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Dr Balzer
By way of introduction -- I can skip some things because Steve has already explained -- history matters. The "matrushka- doll" Federation that President Putin inherited is multi- leveled, complex, asymmetrical, and quite entrenched. My table 1 \1\ gives you a line-up of all of these. The idea behind it is to show you the complexity that he inherited. Borders involving ethnic-based territories are nearly impossible to change without dangerously violating various ethnic groups' understandings of what constitutes their rightful homelands. The legacies of the Federation adapted from the Soviet Union mean that the geographic structure of the Russian Federal politics -- and "Federal," in this case, may be in quotes -- is only poorly analogous to the multi-cultural United States, with possible exceptions of our Native American treaty-based reservations and Puerto Rico. -
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
0.639
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.125965639
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0555039092
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0035724221
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0029906745
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.002526006
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0022102111
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0011339304
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002220804
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001259578
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.60558E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.77165E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
27.2
Gunning-Fog Score
17
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
55
Sprache Difficult Word Count
55
Dr Balzer
Demography also matters. Steve explained that only five republics have majorities inside their own republics of non- Russians. In addition, one could put it this way, in most of the ethnic-based republics of Russia, the local "titular" ethnic group has a demographic plurality, but not a majority. These kinds of proportions are outlined in table 2. These are "swing-vote," as I call them, republics such as the Sakha Republic, Altai, Kalmykia, Marii-El, and Udmurtia, where referendums on central policies could matter and where electoral candidates backed by the Putin administration can be contested. These are areas where the zigzags of center-republic dynamics are especially sensitive and where ethnic relations are very important with tensions potentially magnified by policy mistakes or local inter-ethnic discrimination scandals.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.63599
VADER
-0.787
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.4081423171
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1081824536
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0378206227
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0291826262
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.008588026
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0011885591
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0007982905
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0004465035
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003053623
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002974038
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001586551
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
29.6
Gunning-Fog Score
17.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
55
Sprache Difficult Word Count
46
Dr Balzer
I also want to point out that names and cultural symbols matter. These are republics, in their 1990's incarnations, that have specific names for themselves, and there is a sensitivity over their new names. President Putin recently acknowledged name sensitivities by signing a decree endorsing Chuvashia as the Chavash Republic, for instance. But he has acknowledged such politically sensitive name changes unevenly and has not supported the rights of republic citizens to state their nationalities in their passports. A compromise was recently found for Tatarstan to have a separate page in the Tatar language in Tatarstan passports. Each of these republics has its own seals and flags, many generated through competitions among local artists. Most have local-language names for their newly constituted parliaments and new language programs to compensate for past unbalanced bilingualism that favored Russians.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.76471
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.76471
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.82455
VADER
0.425
Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0575767132
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0248855446
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0118811753
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0025548279
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0014755818
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0011709998
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0005016414
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.61288E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.02919E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.54268E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.85386E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.7
Gunning-Fog Score
16
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
48
Sprache Difficult Word Count
46
Dr Balzer
In my next section, I discuss managing federalism or, in some cases, mismanaging it, and I want to just outline, without going into details, the major points of contention, as I see it, between the republics and President Putin's administration. These include resource competition and the related demise of bilateral treaties, changes in republic constitutions, electoral politics at multiple levels, and administrative redistricting.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.61904
VADER
0.077
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.1359507674
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0261648413
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0102499151
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0053640335
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0026144178
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0024428124
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0021413394
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0020361649
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0008252874
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0004033347
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.62489E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
8.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
28
Dr Balzer
Let me turn to the debates about administrative redistricting. As outlined in my chart, and by Steve, instead of appointing republic Presidents, which President Putin threatened to do, the 2000 redistricting created seven mega- districts over-seeing the republics using larger regional military districts as the basis for their borders. Debates abound as to whether the mega-districts are working or represent a new layer of potential bureaucratic confusion, at best, and corruption, at worst. Republic authorities are nervous about their loss of direct lobbying access to the Kremlin and angry about which cities have been chosen as capitals of the districts. The only silver lining concerning these districts, given both blatant and latent opposition to them in the republics, is that they may satisfy President Putin's taste for redistricting from above.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.75
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.32277
VADER
-0.796
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.33036815
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0800087058
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0402773119
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0054651049
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0046903649
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.002452186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010868031
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006625825
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001708948
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.1449E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.4805E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
32.6
Gunning-Fog Score
17.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
54
Sprache Difficult Word Count
48
Dr Balzer
He has, in several speeches, suggested even more radical redistricting: that the asymmetrical federation would be better off as a more controllable, symmetrical country of 30 to 50 regions. Such statements, the execution of which would involve extensive boundary changes, are deeply frightening to many non- Russians living in their established ethnicity-based republics and smaller districts.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.25131
VADER
-0.144
Leans Negative
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.050843705
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0432987756
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0301474793
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0210768063
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0052333053
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.001018272
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009248422
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005505978
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004965168
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003467117
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001897168
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
17.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
23
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Dr Balzer
In my conclusions, I want to point out that President Putin just recently addressed an assembly of the peoples of Bashkortostan, in June 2001, proclaiming proudly, "Rossiia has an absolutely unique place on Earth with its enormous number of nations, nationalities, languages, and cultures. Its uniqueness consists in that, over the centuries, practically 1,000 years, this mixture of peoples and different ethnicities have lived harmoniously." He sounded like a Soviet official, propounding the friendship of the peoples. Indeed, interethnic harmony, including high rates of interethnic marriage, has been part of the history of the peoples of today's Russian Federation, but these romanticized friendships have been sorely tried by experimentation that began with Russian imperialism, continued with many of Stalin's nationality policies, and have been inflamed by the Chechnya war and its cover-up. As my colleague Paul Goble has said, "The best antidote to chauvinist brands of nationalism is a well-managed federalism."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.86904
VADER
0.884
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.3240945749
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1154347672
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0307572336
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0272286707
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0085113243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0045310157
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0036203335
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0031087566
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0022313749
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.000819866
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005281508
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
19.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
56
Sprache Difficult Word Count
59
Dr Balzer
What can the United States do to encourage Rossiia to practice what President Putin preaches about mixtures of peoples living harmoniously? We can only influence on the margins, but we do have some leverage. While Russians are understandably averse to being lectured by Americans, we can encourage more civic and less nationalist chauvinist behavior on the part of central and regional authorities by investing directly in those regions and republics where relatively greater efforts are made at civil society.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.95551
VADER
0.914
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.126558356
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0296112616
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0151058935
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0150247157
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0056873734
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0048123289
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0036662292
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004091849
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001819627
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001232073
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.99397E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
21.6
Gunning-Fog Score
18.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Dr Balzer
First, we can attempt to deal directly with regions and republics, sometimes bypassing Moscow entirely, although taking care that this not be perceived as a new round of espionage or secession-mongering. While some authorities on Russia's regions and republics, including some of President Putin's advisors in Moscow, tend to think of the republics as, in general, more corrupt "ethnocracies" than the Russian-led regions, corruption seems to be an equal-opportunity phenomenon. We can try to reward both Russian-led regions and ethnic-based republics for greater transparency in economic relations.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.58779
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
0.866
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0309462164
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0151611603
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.005762549
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0054449527
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.001904228
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0016545919
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0016280814
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0012418777
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009797393
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0003578785
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.09057E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
39
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Dr Balzer
Second, we can encourage our allies in Europe to reinforce calls for negotiation and to address major human-rights complaints. The recent call of the OSCE for negotiations to resume over Chechnya, including with the elected President, Aslan Maskhadov, is a step in the right direction. A political settlement is crucial, possibly including phased independence for Chechnya. At the same time, good-faith reconstruction efforts should be made in Chechnya to help bring refugees home and to start the painful process of educating a whole generation of young people who have been left behind and radicalized after years of war. Chechnya without Chechens is unacceptable policy.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.52941
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.52941
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
-0.443
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.012365359
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0069722148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0030035138
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0022830087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018673119
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0014564797
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0013703986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.00127081
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0008100756
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0006567432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.95032E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
37.7
Gunning-Fog Score
15.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
37
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Dr Balzer
Third, the Chechnya war has caused a hemorrhaging of not only blood, but money. A reasonable argument to Russian authorities in the economic summit is that if the war stopped, enormous sums of money would be freed for the Federation-wide health and education programs that Rossiia badly needs. Incentives to reinforce peace negotiations could be promised by suggesting future backing for humanitarian support, for social programs, and for emergency relief throughout the North Caucasus and in selected other regions: for instance, aid for recovery from the Sakha Republic's recent flooding.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.36842
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.36842
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.73089
VADER
0.34
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0429317122
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0305769296
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0201626855
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0085782376
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0029373097
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009665354
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0006067592
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002520789
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000209005
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.23836E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.72124E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
20.8
Gunning-Fog Score
18.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
38
Sprache Difficult Word Count
44
Dr Balzer
Fourth, and finally, Rossiia is likely to remain an asymmetrical quasi-federation for a long time. We should somehow convince Russian colleagues and Duma parliamentarians that one of the fastest, most polarizing ways to stimulate secession is by redistricting from above. Changes in republic, regional, and district borders at all levels must be negotiated and not decreed. We also should diplomatically make clear that it is not in our interest to have Rossiia break into numerous or even seven regional parts.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.22378
VADER
0.601
Very Positive
Moderation
Hate
0.0716307433
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0713567133
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0405605329
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0078846148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0047632384
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0033060551
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013717727
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004152796
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.79846E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.3838E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.2839E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
26.5
Gunning-Fog Score
16.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
29
Dr Balzer
In sum, the single most dangerous scenario for Rossiia is polarization resulting from unilateral, from above, radical ethno-national homeland boundary changes. Instead of regularization, it can result in subversion, chauvinist nationalism, susceptibility to radical religious influences, and the very chaos President Putin has been trying to avoid. So far, federalism has been from above, from below, and nowhere.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.75
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.75
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.60944
VADER
-0.86
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0101018624
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0030772779
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0025892135
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0010900894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0008160561
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005942743
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001754661
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001569277
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.51648E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.26732E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.17008E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0.5
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
26
Sprache Difficult Word Count
29
Note
[The prepared statement of Dr. Balzer follows:] Prepared Statement of Dr. Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer FEDERALISM IN RUSSIA [ROSSIIA]: FROM ABOVE, BELOW OR NOWHERE?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.226
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0185810015
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0083756808
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0057173365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.003593216
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.003150032
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0013372182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009672444
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0007985288
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0007140886
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004479493
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.03034E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.7
Gunning-Fog Score
5.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
10.3
Automated Readability Index
9.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.8
Sprache Readability Score
2.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
8
Sprache Difficult Word Count
10
Dr Balzer
Introduction
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0368794019
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0366092921
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0201778414
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0152805631
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0063496809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.004373087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.004193373
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0017754679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013329122
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003072804
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.03119E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
0.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Dr Balzer
As economic, political, and military crises inside the Federation of Russia [Rossiia] worsen, debates intensify over whether central Moscow policies and practices aggravate the fissures of separatism and nationalism. To probe issues underlying this still unfolding process, diverse ways that republic representatives have been responding to chaos and attempts to reassert central control should be explored. Through study of the crisis-driven 1990s, enormously painful to the victims of war and economic deprivation, we can learn much about the dynamics of polarization and the politics of social and cultural identity. Understanding how groups shape and reshape their nationalism in times of travail, on multiple levels, involves listening to how politicized voices shift and adapt within various social and cultural contexts.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.70805
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.1
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.1
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.19106
VADER
-0.966
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0187471451
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0141402721
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0121565186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0019166204
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0014444248
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002945038
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002026571
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001797108
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001648242
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.58818E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.06323E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
10.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
59
Sprache Difficult Word Count
57
Dr Balzer
The secession attempts of the Chechens from Russia have a long history, aggravated by two 1990s brutalizing wars that have not subsided, despite President Putin's protestations of peace at hand. While President Putin's handling of Chechnya is the opposite of a reasoned federal strategy, other aspects of his policies come closer to a negotiated federalism and also represent attempts to become a populist president. Images of President Putin piloting a fighter plane in Chechnya contrast with his smiling participation at the annual Turkic Sabbantui summer festivals of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, where he went to court and cajole the presidents of these republics in 2000 and 2001 respectively. These public displays were noticed by my friends in the parliament of the Sakha republic, where surprised deputies, seeing President Putin in shirt-sleeves and knowing his KGB background, proclaimed "he has gone to the people, he is appealing to the public." Like President Yeltsin, President Putin has been using a combination of carrots and sticks to attempt to manage the unwieldy federation he inherited. Unlike President Yeltsin, President Putin has shortened the carrots and strengthened the sticks. Leaders in the republics have been put on notice that all of the carrots have sticks behind them.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.33647
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.13043
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.13043
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.25131
VADER
0.912
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0076237142
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0072075418
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0022787217
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018297695
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0012043563
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0010886568
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0006330432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002775551
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001429177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.58296E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.15754E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
33.6
Gunning-Fog Score
17.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
79
Sprache Difficult Word Count
70
Dr Balzer
The main message of this testimony is that most of the republics inside of Russia are not secessionist, and not likely to become dominoes in a potential aftermath of any successful, negotiated Chechnya secession. However, the potential for radicalization and polarization exists, depending on central policies and on center- republic dynamics. The region where radicalization is greatest is the North Caucasus, especially among the neighbors of Chechnya, where the outpouring of Chechen refugees, including embittered, unemployed, and poorly educated youth, has become a serious destabilizing problem made worse by recent Russian military atrocities in villages near the unstable Chechen-Ingushetia border.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.45455
Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.45455
Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8873
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.12516
VADER
0.273
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0027711716
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0018831295
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0016148479
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0012349251
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0010859256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0007682764
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0006394214
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001850319
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.000121689
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
1.82787E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.71E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
47
Sprache Difficult Word Count
46
Dr Balzer
History matters. The "matrushka-doll" federation that President Putin inherited is multi-leveled, complex, asymmetrical and entrenched. (See table 1.) Borders involving ethnic-based territories are nearly impossible to change without dangerously violating various ethnic groups' understandings of what constitutes their rightful homelands. The legacies of the federation adapted from the Soviet Union mean that the geographic structure of Russian federal politics is only poorly analogous to the multicultural United States, with the possible exceptions of our Native American treaty-based reservations and Puerto Rico. Thirty-five ethnic-based political-administrative divisions (Republics and Okrugs) take up about one third of Rossiia's territory, while non-Russians are less than one fifth of the country's population. This awkward position has evolved because of the local histories of indigenous homelands, where large influxes of Slavic peoples became normal during the Russian imperial and especially the Soviet periods.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.65393
VADER
0.56
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0722125114
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0123851249
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0119931487
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0111395617
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0090107853
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0061935629
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0061081271
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0058539266
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0050687428
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009713403
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.25143E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
9
Gunning-Fog Score
18.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
74
Sprache Difficult Word Count
72
Dr Balzer
Demography matters. In most of the "ethnic-based" republics of Russia, the local "titular" ethnic group has a demographic plurality but not a majority. (See table 2.) These are "swing vote" republics, such as the Sakha Republic, Altai, Kalmykia, Marii El, and Udmurtia, where referendums on central policies could matter and electoral candidates backed by the Putin administration can be contested. These are areas where the zig zags of center-republic dynamics are especially sensitive and where ethnic relations are very important, with tensions potentially magnified by policy mistakes or local inter-ethnic discrimination scandals. In the 21 republics, only 5 had majority titular populations as the Soviet Union broke up, and more recently one of these, Chechnya, has been nearly emptied of its civilian Chechen population. The others are the Chavash Republic (Chuvashia), Tyva (Tuva), and Kabarda-Balkaria, listed in the order of their majorities. By the 2002 census, Tatarstan is likely to be included in this list, with many Tatars coming home to their republic in the 1990s. In 16 of the republics, non-Russians are considerably less numerous than the Russians. However, this did not stop some republics, such as Karelia, Khakassia and Komi, from being in the forefront of the so-called "parade of sovereignties" in 1990-1991.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.4
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.4
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.80235
VADER
-0.904
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0045404668
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0043200889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0026610303
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0011436045
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0008974814
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001759581
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001007619
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
4.79063E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.12562E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.75655E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.5321E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
34.5
Gunning-Fog Score
15.8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
86
Sprache Difficult Word Count
75
Dr Balzer
Names and cultural symbols matter. The official name the Federation of Rossiia, which signals its multiethnic composition, is preferred here instead of Russia, with its more monocultural connotation. Many non-Russians call themselves "Rossiany," citizens of Rossiia, not "Russkie," Russians, a distinction lost in English. They also have specific, sometimes recently politicized, names for their republics, and deserve to have these names used. This includes the Sakha Republic, often called by Russians in the Putin administration Yakutia, and Tyva, usually called Tuva. President Putin recently acknowledged name sensitivities by signing a decree endorsing Chuvashia as the Chavash Republic. But he has acknowledged such politically sensitive name changes unevenly, and has not supported the right of republic citizens to state their nationalities in their passports. A compromise was recently found for Tatarstan to have a separate page in the Tatar language in Tatarstan passports. The Altai Republic (formerly Gorno- Altai) is surveying its population to decide if an insert in the Altai language is worth the expense. Each of the republics has its own seals and flags, many generated through competitions among local artists. Most have a local language name for their newly constituted parliaments and new language programs to compensate for past "unbalanced bilingualism" that favored Russians.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.73913
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.73913
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.76766
VADER
0.278
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0118790129
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0072980889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0062191903
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.001662811
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010196442
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0009012689
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006819734
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003051323
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002889054
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.59629E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.04176E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.3
Gunning-Fog Score
15.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
86
Sprache Difficult Word Count
75
Dr Balzer
Theory matters. A premise of this testimony is that the Russians, in the multiethnic negotiated community of Rossiia, are "ethnic" too, since they are subject to some of the same tensions and striving that the non-Russian minorities within the fledgling federation have been feeling. Indeed, the term "ethnonationalism," merging a distinction between nationalism and ethnicity, as discussed by Walker Connor (1994) and Leokadia Drobizheva (1999), may be appropriate for the mild, nonchauvinist nationalism of many of the groups inside Rossiia. While many Russian actions potentially labelled as nationalism have been consolidation-oriented and defensive, others, most clearly those involving Chechnya, have been counter-productively aggressive and chauvinist against non-Russian minorities. The rekindling of the Chechnya war puts debates about justifiable "patriotism," "nationalism" and "defense against terrorism" into sharp relief. With Russian nationalism increasing, it becomes harder for President Putin to stimulate policies enabling a civic-society to develop in both the ethnic-based republics and the Russian-led regions of the federation.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.58779
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.46154
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.46154
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.95551
VADER
-0.563
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0136658578
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0030670679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0015116068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0003587766
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0002767468
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001414306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001196167
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
9.52897E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.2136E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.9382E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.1676E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
5.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
76
Sprache Difficult Word Count
67
Dr Balzer
(Mis)managing Federalism
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0324863911
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0226753255
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0190945299
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0078870442
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0023096949
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0008500899
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004993089
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004595365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001253341
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000110916
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001030657
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
14.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
1.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Dr Balzer
Major points of contention between the republics and President Putin's administration include resource competition and the related demise of bilateral treaties, changes in republic constitutions, electoral politics at multiple levels, and administrative redistricting. Questions of corruption, emergency aid programs, and the ramifications of legal reform cross-cut these issues and sometimes enter into the rhetoric of mutual reproach.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.26826
VADER
-0.273
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0126452025
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0108504682
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0090787929
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0050710689
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0024391531
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0017783655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0010460243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0007390494
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003145395
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002084049
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.69282E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
30
Sprache Difficult Word Count
33
Dr Balzer
Resource competition. While in the Soviet period, so-called "autonomous republics" within the Russian Union Republic got less than a 5% share of their own resources, the increasingly self-assertive republics negotiated far greater shares in the 1990s, in some cases by playing brinkmanship tax withholding games. Bilateral treaties became a major mechanism under President Yeltsin, starting in 1994, for negotiating distributions of resources, with industrialized Tatarstan leading the process, and energy rich Bashkortostan and diamond rich Sakha Republic gaining important concessions as well. By the time the treaty process ended in 1998, 46 Russian-led regions and ethnic-based republics had garnered varying degrees of advantages. Norms for allocations of revenues going to federal and regional budgets before 2000 became approximately 51% and 49%, but under President Putin the federal share increased to 63%. More republics subsequently became "donors" within the budget process, meaning they are not receiving federal equalization transfers after taxes. In 2000, these included Komi, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Sakha.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.61905
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.61905
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.35812
VADER
0.952
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0722410739
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.043757548
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0257951091
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0129143853
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0055755838
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0048340575
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0038619281
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0031185402
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008426303
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004370321
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003807228
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.9
Gunning-Fog Score
18.1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
80
Sprache Difficult Word Count
68
Dr Balzer
Recently the leader of the Republic of Marii-El, hoping to curry favor with President Putin, unilaterally rejected his republic's power- sharing treaty with the central government (along with the heads of three Russian-led regions). He could see that the 2001 commission established by President Putin to divide powers among governmental levels has as one of its goals the cancellation of these treaty arrangements. A warning of this policy came in 2000, when President Putin renounced significant aspects of the bilateral treaties with Tatarstan and with the Sakha Republic. (I was sitting at what felt like a ground-zero, the Sakha parliament, when deputies heard of his announcement and ventilated bitterly. But the next day, several admitted that the treaty was due to expire and would have to have been renegotiated anyway.)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.38462
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.38462
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.74721
VADER
0.511
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0164514859
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0037401271
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0036855374
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0034249511
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0012184422
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.001162499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0011083185
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010273678
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0002853835
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002011456
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.18874E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
34.8
Gunning-Fog Score
17
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
47
Sprache Difficult Word Count
49
Dr Balzer
Cross-cutting the new budget trends have been emergency funds flowing back to the republics, including extensive subsidizing of Dagestan (given its proximity to Chechnya) and the support of refugee camps in Ingushetia. In this category should be substantial reconstruction money for Chechnya. Several plans (including one created by former Nationalities Minister Valery Tishkov) are circulating, but monies have been notoriously diverted or not forthcoming.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.238
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.1721476205
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0502709649
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0165616439
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0135314694
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0067066278
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0060070673
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0044170614
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.002244451
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013212803
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009421455
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004557809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
13
Gunning-Fog Score
18.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Dr Balzer
Relief expenditures also include the support of programs through- out the North to help Russian out-migration from previously subsidized towns with collapsed economies, as well as humanitarian reconstruction for flood victims suffering, for example, in the Sakha Republic in 1998 and, especially, in 2001. Sakha and Russian leaders of the Sakha republic, in a good example of civic mindedness and interethnic cooperation, have jointly appealed to central authorities. President Putin made a personal and effective trip of solidarity to the main flood-devastated town of Lensk, which is mostly ethnically Russian. His attempt to place some of the burden of funding on the selling of diamond company ALROSA stock was less appreciated, however.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.57143
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.57143
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.18958
VADER
0.916
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0288988318
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0134062881
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0044754976
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0030853145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0025765037
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0006428803
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006008449
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.97803E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.45124E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.27118E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.2027E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.5
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
49
Sprache Difficult Word Count
49
Dr Balzer
Reconciling Constitutions. President Putin has made the identification and rectification of legal discrepancies between the Federation of Rossiia's constitution and the republic constitutions a top priority. Contrary to some conspiracy theories, many of these discrepancies occurred for the relatively simple reason that many of the republic constitutions were written and ratified in the early 1990s, before Russia managed to get its constitution passed by its Duma. The acceptance of republic constitutional changes recommended by Russia's supreme court has been relatively smooth in many cases, which is why President Putin's preoccupation with the formal legal aspects of this has puzzled some participants in the process. Kalmykia, Altai, and Tyva, among others, have been named in the local press as having revised their constitutions quite quickly.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.46634
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.12516
VADER
0.813
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.5119173788
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.3870571265
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.3177589271
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0656440097
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0219258422
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0168677521
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0046164929
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0045491044
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0012550578
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0005382435
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002468012
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
14.5
Gunning-Fog Score
18.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
52
Sprache Difficult Word Count
48
Dr Balzer
Other republics have been less compliant, including Chavashia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Sakha. In the Sakha Republic case, a huge 63 of 144 articles were declared nonbinding by Russia's supreme court. The Sakha parliament (optimistically called Il Tumen, or Council for Accord) discarded aspects deemed minor and has appointed yet another committee to reconcile the constitutions "on the basis of federal norms." However, the main points seen as unjustified meddling in the internal affairs of the republic center on the wording of Sakha's declaration of sovereignty, the ability of Sakha Republic to have its own citizenship together with the citizenship of Rossiia, and, predictably, the ownership of underground resources, given the enormous mineral wealth of the republic. A further issue is qualifications for republic president, on the basis of age, residency length, and language ability.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8873
VADER
0.891
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0320868887
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0162181823
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0059005964
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0029601153
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0027592365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0015883394
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0015327963
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007362039
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001264956
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001022379
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.74994E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
16.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
64
Sprache Difficult Word Count
63
Dr Balzer
Electoral politics. President Putin has attempted to change the rules of the game of how elections are run at multiple levels of the federation. He has done this through legal reform of how parties are defined (their membership must cross-cut republics and regions), and through declarations concerning qualifications of the presidents of the republics, including their rights to third terms. He or his representatives have also publicly backed specific candidates, not all of whom have subsequently won their elections.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.25
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.25
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.45199
VADER
0.758
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0233296829
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.012307518
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0090106136
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0052000541
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0042023723
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0019325422
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018119741
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0015757851
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0012060769
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0006408432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.99164E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38.5
Gunning-Fog Score
17
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
29
Dr Balzer
One relevant issue concerning republic politics has been debate and back tracking on the question of which republic presidents may run for a third term, a deviation from the Federation of Rossiia constitution. In Spring 2001, Duma deputies passed a Putin-backed law enabling a huge number (69) of regional and republic leaders to have this right, but the Duma subsequently reduced the number to a handful. Some theorized that quid pro quos for republic president cooperation had been negotiated behind the scenes. In the process, interesting discrepancies emerged. For example, President Mintimer Shaimiev of Tatarstan was endorsed for a third term in a post-facto exercise, after his republic parliament had also ensured his legal right to a third term. President Mikhail Nikolaev of the Sakha Republic, who had not gotten his parliament to endorse a third term, was first supported and then dropped in the political maneuvering.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.53408
VADER
0.932
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0362662307
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0261716516
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0232363149
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0085992287
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0037942766
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0023201059
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0022970424
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0015897851
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006534919
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002988624
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002538996
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.7
Gunning-Fog Score
17.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
60
Sprache Difficult Word Count
58
Dr Balzer
In President Putin's millennium 2000 address, he appeared to advocate two contradictory principles: democracy for the republics and regions, including their continued right to elect their own officials at multiple levels, and a more authoritarian right of the president to remove elected officials from office. While the right of removal must now be backed by a criminal conviction, this is one reason why some in the republics are calling his rule creeping authoritarianism. When he was first elected, he also tested a possible trial balloon by suggesting that republic presidents and regional governors be appointed by the president. This provoked enough of an uproar to be quietly dropped, since it is notoriously difficult to take away a democratic right once it has been enjoyed.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.46634
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
-0.718
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0212567669
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0070912276
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0060787992
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0044718669
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.002370784
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000156147
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
9.87193E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.99558E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
3.67215E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.7768E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.5471E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
24.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
45
Sprache Difficult Word Count
44
Dr Balzer
Administrative redistricting. Instead of appointing republic presidents, in 2000 President Putin created his famous 7 mega- districts, using the larger regional military districts as a basis for their borders. The districts are (moving from East to West to South): Far East, Siberia, Urals, Northwest, Central, Volga, and the North Caucasus.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.19722
VADER
0.25
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0715423957
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0190128325
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0040179126
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0013280881
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.001056382
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009135822
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0003708689
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.79316E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.1828E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.7705E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.355E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
41
Gunning-Fog Score
10.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.7
Sprache Readability Score
4.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Dr Balzer
Each district has a president appointed governor-general, who answers directly to President Putin. Nearly all the first appointees have military or intelligence backgrounds, with the exception of one former diplomat (Leonid Drachevski to the Siberia district) and one former prime minister-economist (Sergei Kirienko to the crucial Volga district). Their roles, Putin insists, are carefully delineated and contained. Most have been busy following orders concerning the reconciliation of the constitutions and the stream-lining of economic relations in their regions. Critics, including some of President Putin's own nationality advisors and ministers, have pointed out that eventually such meta-districts could become the basis for viable secessionist tendencies. The argument emphasizes that smaller, economically and politically powerless regions and republics would have less chance of becoming full-fledged independent states, and most would have no external borders.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.54545
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.54545
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.15745
VADER
-0.62
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.048491513
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.019017655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0138649077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0092787595
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0037254966
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.00197263
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0016091246
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003192612
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001539731
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.2441E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.9768E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
15.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
67
Sprache Difficult Word Count
65
Dr Balzer
Debates abound as to whether the mega-districts are working or represent a new layer of potential bureaucratic confusion at best and corruption at worst. Republic authorities are nervous about their loss of direct lobbying access to the Kremlin, and angry about which cities have been chosen as capitals of the districts. The only silver lining concerning these districts, given both blatant and latent opposition to them in the republics, is that they may satisfy President Putin's taste for redistricting from above. He has in several speeches suggested even more radical redistricting: that the asymmetrical federation would be better off as a more controllable, symmetrical country of 30-50 regions. Such statements, the execution of which would involve extensive boundary changes, are deeply frightening to many non-Russians living in their established ethnicity-based republics and smaller districts (okrugs). Again, it is dangerous to remove existing rights.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.55556
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.55556
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.15385
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.15385
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.29849
VADER
-0.868
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0843035406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0630791183
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0269752636
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0097833909
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0094294592
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0085007065
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0023304394
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003887354
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003115068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001323392
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.2771E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
30.6
Gunning-Fog Score
18
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
57
Sprache Difficult Word Count
59
Dr Balzer
More organic, "from below" or negotiated redistricting may be possible, however. The strategically located Altai Republic, on the border with Kazakstan, has rejected its larger, neighboring Altai Krai's greedy, energy pipe-line oriented call for a merger. But a process of merging budgets already has begun between one of two Buryat districts (Ust-Orda) with its encircling Irkutsk region. This negotiation should be seen in the larger historical context of the gerrymandering of Buryat territory, according to Stalin's nationalities policies. Some Buryats have also called for a merging of the three Buryat territories (Buryat Republic, Ust-Orda, and Agin-Buryat).
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
-0.542
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.176709448
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0265955256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0247445336
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0075058007
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0030266308
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0027993507
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0018783066
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006188597
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004877508
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002468502
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001874673
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
21.6
Gunning-Fog Score
16.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
50
Sprache Difficult Word Count
43
Dr Balzer
Conclusions
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.081049127
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0653202995
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0543991569
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0107615531
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0049274029
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0025235237
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0024868899
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005391791
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003756434
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.57354E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.69269E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
0.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Dr Balzer
President Putin, addressing an Assembly of the Peoples of Bashkortostan in June, 2001, proclaimed proudly "Rossiia [Russia] has an absolutely unique place on Earth, with its enormous number of nations, nationalities, languages, and cultures . . . Its uniqueness consists in that over the centuries, practically 1,000 years, this mixture of peoples and different ethnicities have lived harmoniously." He sounded like a Soviet official propounding the friendship of the peoples. Interethnic harmony, including high rates of interethnic marriage, has been part of the history of the peoples of today's Russian federation. But these romanticized friendships have been sorely tried by experimentation that began with Russian imperialism, continued with many of Stalin's nationalities policies, and have been inflamed by the Chechnya war and its cover-up. As my colleague Paul Goble has said, the best antidote to chauvinist brands of nationalism is a well-managed federalism.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.47368
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.47368
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.9694
VADER
0.948
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
1.3446522877
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0711402856
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0687265361
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0050258906
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0039286235
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0033687458
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0016962791
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0012831855
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.00346E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.09155E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.54708E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.1
Gunning-Fog Score
18.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
54
Sprache Difficult Word Count
57
Dr Balzer
What can the U.S. do to encourage Rossiia to practice what President Putin preaches about mixtures of peoples living harmoniously? We can only influence on the margins, but we do have some leverage. While Russians are understandably averse to being lectured by Americans, we can encourage more civic and less nationalist, chauvinist behavior on the part of central and regional authorities by investing directly in those regions and republics where relatively greater efforts are made at civil society. 1) We can attempt to deal directly with regions and republics, sometimes bypassing Moscow entirely, although taking care that this not be perceived as a new round of espionage or secession-mongering. While some authorities on the regions and republics, including some of President Putin's advisors in Moscow, tend to think of the republics as in general more corrupt "ethnocracies" than the Russian-led regions, corruption seems to be an equal opportunity phenomenon. We can try to reward both Russian-led regions and ethnic-based republics for greater transparency in economic relations. 2) We can encourage our allies in Europe to reinforce calls for negotiation, and to address major human rights complaints. The recent call of the OSCE for negotiations to resume over Chechnya, including with the elected president Aslan Maskhadov, is a step in the right direction. A political settlement is crucial, possibly including phased independence for Chechnya. At the same time, good faith reconstruction efforts should be made in Chechnya, to help bring refugees home and to start the painful process of educating a whole generation of young people who have been left behind and radicalized after years of war. Chechnya without Chechens is unacceptable policy. 3) The Chechnya war has caused a hemorrhaging of not only blood but money. A reasonable argument to Russian authorities at an economics summit is that if the war stopped, enormous sums of money would be freed for the federation-wide health and education programs that Rossiia badly needs. Incentives to reinforce peace negotiations could be promised by suggesting future backing for humanitarian support for social programs and emergency relief through-out the North Caucasus and in selected other regions. 4) Rossiia is likely to remain an asymmetrical, quasi- federation for a long time. We should somehow convince Russian colleagues and Duma parliamentarians that one of the fastest, most polarizing ways to stimulate secession is by redistricting from above. Changes in republic, regional, and district borders at all levels must be negotiated, not decreed. Just as President Putin has said he needs a public consensus to move Lenin's body, so too a public consensus is needed for boundary changes. We also should diplomatically make clear that it is not in our interests to have Rossiia break into numerous, or even 7, regional parts. In sum, the single most dangerous scenario for Rossiia is polarization resulting from unilateral, radical ethnonational homeland boundary changes. Instead of regularization, it can result in subversion, chauvinist nationalism, susceptibility to radical religious influences, and the very chaos President Putin has been trying to avoid with his ominous phrase "the dictatorship of law." So far, federalism has been from above, from below, and nowhere. Table 1: Post-Soviet Independent States and Russian Federation (Rossiia) Ethnic Components
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.15789
Leans Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.15789
Leans Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.30228
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.29114
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.29114
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.59168
VADER
0.967
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.2625171095
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0159084128
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0130673943
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0022302836
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0016415797
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0013818607
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005112432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.48032E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.56913E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.5456E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.7712E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.8
Gunning-Fog Score
16.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
207
Sprache Difficult Word Count
180
Dr Balzer
Republics Signing The Federal Treaty, Ethnic-Based Regions, Post-Soviet Independent States Bilateral Treaties Districts Armenia [C=Commonwealth] Adigei Agin-Buryat Azerbaijan [C] Altai (Gorno-Altai) Ust-Orda Buryat Belorus [C] Bashkortostan Chukotsk Estonia [B=Baltic] Burya Evenkt Georgia [C] Chavash (Chuvashia) Eveno-Bytantaisk Kazakstan [C] Dagestan Evrei Kyrgyzstan [C] Ingushetia Khanty-Mansi Latvia [B] Kabarda-Balkar Komi-Permiak Lithuania [B] Kalmykia Koryak Moldova (Khalmg Tangch) Nenets Russian Federation [C] Karachai-Cherkess Yamalo-Nenets Tajikistan [C] Karelia Dolgan-Nenets Turkmenistan [C] Khakassia Taimyr Ukraine [C] Komi (Nganasan) Uzbekistan [C] Marii-El (Mari) Mordva North Ossetia Sakha (Yakutia) Tatarstan Tyva (Tuva) Udmurt
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.1453378238
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.029719359
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.020910328
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0133479436
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0086191692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0047544981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002409639
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.84947E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.72702E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.86171E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.9611E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
81
Sprache Difficult Word Count
77
Dr Balzer
Major Disputed Areas: Abkhazia, Chechnya (Republic of Ichkeria), Crimea, Dniester, Nagorno(ny)-Karabakh, North and South Ossetia, North Kazakstan. Ethnic Representation Dynamics: Five districts (Adygei, Gorno-Altai [now Altai], lngushetia without Chechnya, Karachai-Cherkessia, and Khakassia) were upgraded to republic status in the 1992 Federal Treaty. This included an lngushetia border delineation. Many ethnic groups, such as the Kurds of the Caucasus or the Nivkh of the Siberian Far East, are not represented here because they do not have official territorial jurisdictions. In Soviet censuses, 26 "small-numbered peoples of the North" were usually grouped (in order of size): Nenets, Evenk (Tungus), Khanty (Ostiak), Even (Lamut), Chukchi, Nanai (Goldy), Koryak, Mansi (Vogul), Dolgan, Nivkh (Gilyak), Selkup, Ulchi, Itelmen (Kamchadal), Udegei, Saami (Lapp); Eskimo (Yupik); Chuvansty; Nganasan; Yukagir; Ket; Orochi; Tofalar; Aleut; Negidal; Enets; Orok. Some Federation components were legally constituted since 1989. For example, the Eveno-Bytantaisk district (raion) was created within the Yakut-Sakha Republic as a homeland for the Even people in 1989. President Putin's 7 Mega- [Meta-, Military] Districts: Far East, Siberia, Urals, Northwest, Central, Volga, North Caucasus (Southern) (each with Presidential appointee administrators).
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.71429
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.46634
VADER
0.273
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0605294423
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0416957686
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.012896616
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0069783076
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0045216362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0037778918
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0022422006
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0018688406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000924688
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0004797043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.36963E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
14.4
Gunning-Fog Score
13.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
110
Sprache Difficult Word Count
105
Dr Balzer
Sources, Explanations, 2002 census projections: Natsional'nyi sostav naseleniia SSSR (1991), from the 1989 census; Argumenty i fakty (March 1991). The Chechen-Ingush Republic split in 1992. Many ethnic groups have substantial populations living outside their republic, especially the Tatars, and, with the Chechnya wars, the Chechens. Since 1991, Russian influx into the federation as a whole has raised their proportion to about 83%, Russian outflow from specific ethnic-based republics, especially Chechnya and Tyva, also should be noted. By the 2002 census, Russian percentages in most of the "ethnic-based" republics will have decreased, with percentages of the titular nationalities substantially increased. However, as the order of the "parade of sovereignties" in 1990-01 indicates, non-Russian demographic dominance in a republic is not necessarily a predictor of radicalism.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.1431
VADER
0.094
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.5446037278
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1236147713
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0927675748
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0227920711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0167255479
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0085757667
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0012323417
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007170933
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000238624
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.56312E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.52577E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
25.6
Gunning-Fog Score
17.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
60
Sprache Difficult Word Count
46
Joe Biden
Thank you very much. Mr. Paul Goble.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
6.7097894847
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.714170374
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.2171190223
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.2028245945
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0765975565
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0464081182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0020220872
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0019553669
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005923488
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001190655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.40957E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
95.7
Gunning-Fog Score
0.9
Coleman-Liau Index
6.8
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
1.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Joe Biden
/RADIO LIBERTY, WASHINGTON, DC Mr. Goble. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.767
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.2349498915
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.010704311
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0081472004
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0079641337
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0067591602
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0034307959
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0027771479
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.07926E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.88576E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.77625E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.32939E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
6.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52
Gunning-Fog Score
1
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
8.2
Automated Readability Index
2.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.6
Sprache Readability Score
1.5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
6
Sprache Difficult Word Count
6
Joe Biden
The Russian President, Vladimir Putin, has regularly insisted that he has had to act with vigor and dispatch against the Chechen drive for independence in order to prevent the disintegration of Russia. That argument has served him very well. It has both generated support among Russians for what he is doing and, at least equally important, it has restrained Western criticism of Russian actions in the North Caucasus. But an examination of his claims suggests that it is not only false, but that his campaign against Chechnya and the West's failure to hold him and Russia accountable may ultimately very well contribute to the problem he says he is fighting against and, even worse, to other far more serious problems. That is my subject here, and I want to praise you, Mr. Chairman, and the committee, for holding this hearing on such an important subject and also to thank you for inviting me to take part. I have entitled my remarks, "Are there more Chechnya's ahead for Russia?", and I've submitted them for the record. I will summarize them here.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-3.21888
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.21511
VADER
-0.235
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.4615853075
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0373887218
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0028820154
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0028108616
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0020183614
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0011242065
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008336749
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001024451
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.88755E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.47728E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.0617E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
55.9
Gunning-Fog Score
12.7
Coleman-Liau Index
11.9
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
52
Sprache Difficult Word Count
54
Joe Biden
This morning, I would like to look at three different aspects of this problem. First, I want to examine the nature of Mr. Putin's claim. I cannot do that without recalling the events of the late 1980's when we were regularly told that we could not support the Baltic drive for the recovery of independence because it might undermine Gorbachev and that, of course, the Balts had to work out a staged development to independence and that we must not criticize. In fact, by holding the Baltic countries in as long as he did, Gorbachev lost all the other republics. But since it has been mentioned about the dangers of ethnic engineering, perhaps this committee should recall that, on the very day that Boris Yeltsin, in the presence of Belorussia and Ukraine, effectively dismembered the Soviet Union at Belovezskaja Pusha, Mikhail Gorbachev issued a call for redrawing the lines inside the USSR to make it have 50 States. Originality was never one of his long suits.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.8
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.8
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.84583
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.125
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.125
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.23639
VADER
-0.257
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.2142218407
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.1624516095
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0735962298
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0480575458
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0359861297
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.028474399
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007992267
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005755929
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005379869
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002364894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001513187
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.3
Gunning-Fog Score
13.6
Coleman-Liau Index
11.6
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
48
Sprache Difficult Word Count
45
Joe Biden
Second, I want to argue that the threat Putin has outlined is not a real one, at least not real now in the sense that he and his spokesman usually claim. And third, I want to suggest that Putin's actions and, even more, the West's restraint in criticizing them, are having the unintended consequence of ethnicizing Russian life and, thus, undermining the chances for stability and progress toward democracy in the country as a whole.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.95551
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.14286
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.25131
VADER
-0.681
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.6379603408
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.5176168401
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.2300430788
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.047261946
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0114708702
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0067889785
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0024767129
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003696821
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003410518
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.76881E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.54634E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
33.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
11.4
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
22
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Joe Biden
More than any other issue, Chechnya has been Mr. Putin's issue. He has used it to generate support for his election as President and then to maintain his popularity at home and gain grudging respect from abroad. By arguing that the Chechen drive for independence threatens the disintegration of Russia as a whole, Putin has, of course, played on the deepest insecurities of a Russian public that has suffered a great deal over the last decade. He has used it to revive an us-versus-them attitude between Russians and the West, to generate the kind of surrogate national enthusiasm for an increasingly authoritarian approach to the media and elsewhere, and he has used it to restrict Western criticism of his new toughness, arguing that, "You must allow me to do this because I am working for you."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.61904
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.25926
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.25926
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
0.691
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
2.6840332896
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0081209124
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0076516386
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0008204292
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006932349
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002843095
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001940972
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
8.00557E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
6.17503E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.86795E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.9355E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
43.3
Gunning-Fog Score
15.7
Coleman-Liau Index
11.7
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
45
Sprache Difficult Word Count
48
Joe Biden
But Putin has implicitly acknowledged the factual weakness of his own claims by constantly coming up with yet newer arguments as to why he is using overwhelming force in the way that he is in the North Caucasus. Over the past year, he has gone from talking about the disintegration of Russia to invoking the bogeyman of Islamic fundamentalism to insisting that he is defending the West from Islamic terrorism. Each of these arguments, of course, has found some supporters in both Russia and the West, but Putin's apparent need to come up with more than one justification for what he is doing are just like my children's explanation for why they have screwed up the latest time. When you have to come up with more than one reason, the odds are good that none of them are the truth. And I think in Putin's case, that is certainly true.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2381
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2381
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.46262
VADER
0.796
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
2.183672972
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.3585642437
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1971552148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0334176933
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0165991922
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0016091322
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005058357
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003647874
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002151705
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001010132
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
8.44872E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.9
Gunning-Fog Score
17.1
Coleman-Liau Index
10.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
Joe Biden
Now, Putin has been wrong about Chechnya and about Russia as a whole on this issue because he fundamentally does not understand that Chechnya never wanted to be part of Russia, never wanted to be part of the Soviet Union, and never wanted to be part of the Russian Federation. But his errors that Chechnya must remain part of Russia lest some other non-Russian entities leave, have been aided and abetted by the attitudes and public positions of Western governments.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
-0.691
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.8935585395
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1022585901
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0290297001
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0246239884
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0052785046
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0007511754
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001001116
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
5.55912E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.18995E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.95729E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.2207E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
31
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
11.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
23
Joe Biden
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, many of those in the academic and policy communities, who insisted that the Soviet Union would never disintegrate on the basis of ethnic aspirations, immediately reversed themselves and said that the future of the Russian Federation would be the past of the Soviet Union; namely, it would come apart along ethnic lines. That argument was superficially attractive, but, for some of the reasons you've heard already this morning, it is not real. Most of the other entities did not have the numbers, did not have the location, and did not have the historical background that would drive them to seek independence.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
-0.09
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
3.3154655248
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.5834097043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.3468065988
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0462101161
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0366971712
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0105671126
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0028439126
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0020754926
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003094451
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002888173
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001391014
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
29.3
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
31
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Joe Biden
But -- and this is the more important thing -- this Western assumption led the West to approach Putin in ways that have made the situation worse, because we have come to define the success of the post-1991 Russian enterprise in terms of border stability. Chechnya was the exception. Its leaders aspired to independence precisely on the model of the Baltic States. Djokhar Dudaev, the first President of Chechnya, had spent 3 years in Estonia immediately before becoming President of his own country in the Caucasus, and he assumed that Chechens had an equal moral right to be a country, as did the Estonians.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.81818
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.81818
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0.395
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.7412052713
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0597995298
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0120691991
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0039171613
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0036910311
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.001087615
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0007851981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005121738
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003399863
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0002958612
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002058532
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
48.5
Gunning-Fog Score
14.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
29
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
Joe Biden
The consequences of the West's acceptance of Putin's view on territorial integrity has led many to assume that we must defend territorial integrity no matter what. That argument was made to defend the existence of the Soviet Union. But unfortunately, since 1991, several things have happened that have made it worse. While we talked about the end of the Soviet Union initially in terms of the self-determination of the nations, we suddenly shifted to no-secession from secession, which had the effect of trivializing what the non-Russian peoples had achieved in 1991 and put the West on record against any further independence. In short, we became the last guarantor of Stalin's nationality policy.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.20067
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.25
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.25
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.47957
VADER
-0.361
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Harassment > Threatening
0.0783749798
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0420772471
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0415880553
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0306959555
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0187201891
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0124557002
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0048921051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000247168
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.69452E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.4226E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.21137E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
34.9
Gunning-Fog Score
16.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
39
Joe Biden
Second, it led another earlier administration into becoming almost a cheerleader for Russian actions against Chechnya. American officials, as you know, compared Yeltsin's actions in the first Chechen war to President Abraham Lincoln's actions during the American Civil War, which was an obscenity. But worse, it recalled the situation in the late 1960's and early 1970's when the international community, in the name of border stability in Africa, tolerated and even aided the genocide of the Biafran people so that they could not become a country on their own.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.25131
VADER
-0.882
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0525534502
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0210071492
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.020099344
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0057729936
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0043210286
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0027178226
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0014075691
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006274835
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001257912
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.45133E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.1144E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
20.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
31
Joe Biden
And third, the fact that we have not criticized openly, harshly, and specifically what Putin and his regime have done in Chechnya has contributed to a new and growing Russian sense that the West will not hold Russia accountable to anything. And that is triggering a kind of Russian exceptionalism that will make it difficult, if not impossible, to integrate Russian into the modern democratic world.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.22378
VADER
-0.093
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0077877274
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0049568967
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0037965638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0014849155
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0007565226
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001353686
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001268384
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.17813E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
4.75216E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.9176E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.075E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
29.8
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
20
Sprache Difficult Word Count
22
Joe Biden
But Putin's obsession with Chechnya does reflect a more fundamental problem, one that I think should be attracting more attention in the West than it has so far, and that is the problem of the Russian community. When we talk about ethnic groups in the Russian Federation, the first and most important ethnic community is the Russian community, and it is very special. The tragedy is that Russian integration, as a community, is much less strong than the integration of the Chechens or others. And that flows back from a historical record in which the Russian state became an empire before the Russian people consolidated as a nation, as a result of which the Russian state has never been a nation state, but the Russians have remained a state-defined nationality, one whose strength tracks with the power of the state rather than acts as a counterweight to it.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.25131
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.542
Very Positive
Moderation
Hate
0.0771514082
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0757766829
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.069418503
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0066936889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0052165044
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0028996068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0014067759
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003298917
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001815367
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.8034E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.31488E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
37.9
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
11.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
40
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Joe Biden
Putin's actions in Chechnya have not and will not end the Chechen drive for independence. Chechnya will be an independent country. But his brutal military campaign there has had three effects; one that he said he hoped for and two that entail risks for the future of Russia and its relations with us. By using force against Chechnya, Putin has, in fact, intimidated many of the other non-Russian peoples in the Russian Federation. Many of their leaders have told me that what they understand from Chechnya is, you can pursue all the independence you want as long as you don't declare it. As long as you do not say, "We are going to leave," you can act as independently from Moscow as possible. That is certainly the calculation behind people like President Mintimir Shaimiev, of Tatarstan, who is taking a very tough line and reminding Moscow, even today, even as we speak, that Tatarstan did not sign the Federation treaty either. And the stripping of its Federal -- its power-sharing arrangement, which Putin has talked about, could end its relationship with Russia.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8473
VADER
-0.505
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1784503576
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0758264563
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0623331289
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0316040445
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0021003638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0020344356
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0007936123
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003612834
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003510014
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.23804E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.7734E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.3
Gunning-Fog Score
12.6
Coleman-Liau Index
11.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
52
Sprache Difficult Word Count
48
Joe Biden
That is problematic enough, but there are two other things which I would like to end with. The first is that Putin's policies in Chechnya have led to that republic's Afghanization. By destroying so much of the republic's infrastructure and by killing or driving out so many of its people, Putin and his government have effectively destroyed the basic cultural transmission mechanisms there. That has led to a rise of young men who know little of anything but fighting, who have not been acculturated to the Chechen nation and who are available for radicalization. That is what happened in Afghanistan. That is why the Taliban happened.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.937
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1849193242
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0908715592
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0156832131
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0088714798
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0023146627
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0017514245
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006733703
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006008753
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002198513
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.61628E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.18932E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
50.8
Gunning-Fog Score
12.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Joe Biden
I happen to know President Djokhar Dudaev, of Chechnya, and he once told me that he was a good Muslim who prayed three times a day. I did not point out that a good Muslim prays five times a day, but he had been a member of the Communist Party from the age of 18 and had been a major general in the Soviet Air Force, so perhaps that was not in the officer instruction manual.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.799
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0390709291
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0181548734
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0100438272
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0007860934
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0003220563
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0001552693
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001244085
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.78739E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.6751E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.2379E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.546E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
58.1
Gunning-Fog Score
17.3
Coleman-Liau Index
6.7
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
12
Sprache Difficult Word Count
17
Joe Biden
But the image of Chechnya as an inevitably Islamic force is wrong. It is being converted into that by the brutality of the Russian Government. And, as a result, Russia now faces a more intractable and dangerous enemy than it would have had it either allowed the Chechens to go for independence in 1991 or, if Moscow had at least observed the provisions of the 1996 Khasavyurt Accords. It did neither, and it is going to lose this war.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.4
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.4
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.76214
VADER
-0.949
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.513264956
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0177219335
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0137519761
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0025274108
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0017429968
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0002306906
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001513193
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001134763
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.09572E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.3211E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.0182E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
59.4
Gunning-Fog Score
12.5
Coleman-Liau Index
9.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
20
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Joe Biden
The other consequence of Putin's approach is likely to be far more dangerous for Russia's future, and that is the ethnicization of political life and the revival of the cult of force. In recent days, as you know, there have been reports that anti-Semitism is on the wane in Russia. That is great news. But it has been replaced by antagonism to people from the Caucasus, in general, and Chechens, in particular.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.23077
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.43532
VADER
-0.288
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.9369232692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1002455596
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0594285899
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.039748149
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0379001372
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0021834145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0020315023
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0009592735
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007846134
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000579408
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004197066
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
57.4
Gunning-Fog Score
11.7
Coleman-Liau Index
10.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
21
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Joe Biden
The demonization of the Chechens by the Russian Government and the Russian media have contributed to acts of discrimination and violence that are not punished. Indeed, they are excused or praised. And I wonder how we would react to any other government in the world whose Defense Minister said, "I am sympathetic and understand a Russian colonel who is on trial for killing a Chechen woman." Even non-Russians, who have never heard of Pastor Niemoeller and his observation about the ways violence against one group can spread to another, have got to be worried. And that is the risk that Mr. Putin has invited by his actions, a risk that increases as the demographic realities change.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.17647
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
-0.886
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0840118097
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0241470509
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0076484146
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0061077546
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0047769077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0016189802
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0013495671
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006323861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000515535
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003576472
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003296338
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
47.5
Gunning-Fog Score
14.3
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Joe Biden
You have been given some numbers which are snapshots of where Russia is today ethnographically. The reality is that the Russian community is declining by almost a million a year, and the share of non-Russians in some of these areas will increase over time. I submit to you that those changes may matter more than the figures that we have at the present.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8473
VADER
0.557
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0747788523
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0103449369
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0038461094
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0020147054
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009029233
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0003794078
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002259363
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001262968
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001176674
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
9.65793E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.28063E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
60.9
Gunning-Fog Score
11.7
Coleman-Liau Index
10.5
SMOG Index
10.6
Automated Readability Index
10.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4
Sprache Readability Score
4.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
12
Sprache Difficult Word Count
14
Joe Biden
I, personally, am very pleased that this committee, the Congress in general, and the American Government have begun to speak out more vigorously to demand that Russia seek a political solution in Chechnya. Many, of course, are still urging caution, lest we drive Putin supposedly into more nationalist or authoritarian directions -- I find it difficult to understand what those might be -- but we need to recognize that it is his actions and our failure to speak out vigorously that threatens the territorial integrity and political progress of Russia, far more than anything any Chechen or other non-Russian inside the Russian Federation has ever dreamed of doing. Thank you.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.64663
VADER
0.639
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.1276766416
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0251088844
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0152308858
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0129720851
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0053598356
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0040988005
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0007996803
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006173407
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004866868
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001808664
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.17578E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
21.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
Note
[The prepared statement of Mr. Goble follows:] Prepared Statement of Paul A. Goble * - * The views expressed here are Mr. Goble's own. - ARE THERE MORE CHECHNYAS AHEAD FOR RUSSIA? Russian President Vladimir Putin has regularly insisted that he has had to act with vigor and dispatch against the Chechen drive for independence in order to prevent the disintegration of Russia. That argument has served him well: it has both generated support among Russians for what he is doing and even more important it has restrained Western criticism of Russian actions there. But in fact, an examination of his claim suggests that it is not only false but that his campaign against Chechnya and the West's general failure to hold him and Russian accountable may very well contribute to the very problem that he says he is fighting against.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.70805
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.05882
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.05882
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.11123
VADER
-0.808
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0499291345
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0358226738
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0184677279
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0144759921
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0074043121
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0021344198
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005033296
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003256429
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001682147
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.88027E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.82696E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
56.9
Gunning-Fog Score
11.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.9
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
43
Joe Biden
That is my subject here, and I want to praise you, Mr. Chairman, and the committee for holding a hearing on this important subject and also to thank you for inviting me to take part.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.58779
VADER
0.827
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
1.567004621
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.4469255917
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1279802877
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0850382843
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0518362736
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0059600778
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0048355738
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004236786
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002138247
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.28107E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.08606E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
75.5
Gunning-Fog Score
10.4
Coleman-Liau Index
8.2
SMOG Index
10.3
Automated Readability Index
6.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.1
Sprache Readability Score
3.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
5
Sprache Difficult Word Count
8
Joe Biden
This morning, I would like to look at three different aspects of the problem: First, I want to examine the nature of Mr. Putin's claim and compare it with claims made by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and by Putin's predecessor, Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Second, I want to argue that the threat Putin has outlined is not a real one -- or at least not real in the sense that he and his spokesmen usually claim. And third, I want to suggest that Putin's actions and the West's restraint in criticizing them are having the unintended consequence of ethnicizing Russian political life and thus undermining the chances for stability and progress toward democracy. Moreover, it reduces the likelihood that Russia will be able to prevent more ethnic violence and more moves toward national self-determination in the future. A Politically Effective Claim
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.625
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.625
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.34993
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.871
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1737336861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0263466296
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0187278318
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0130762317
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0089830828
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0057808717
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013692711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004735818
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002502989
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000147473
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001080696
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
38
Gunning-Fog Score
15.6
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
58
Sprache Difficult Word Count
54
Joe Biden
More than any other issue, Putin has exploited the Chechen conflict first to generate support for his election as president and then to maintain his popularity at home and grudging respect from abroad. By arguing that the Chechen drive for independence threatens the disintegration of Russia as a whole, Putin has played on the deepest insecurities of a Russian public buffeted by more than a decade of unpredictable developments that have left an ever greater number of them impoverished and angry. He has used it to revive an "us versus them" attitude between Russians and the West, to generate a kind of surrogate national enthusiasm for his increasingly authoritarian approach to the media and other aspects of Russian life. And he has used it to restrict Western criticism of his new toughness, playing on Western weariness about the political upheavals in Russia and Eurasia.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.4
Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.4
Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.76214
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.10345
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.10345
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.20067
VADER
-0.361
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.9763542563
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0409223838
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0083403094
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0019836791
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0018216837
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0009707329
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004811782
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002236432
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.14719E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.19717E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.24022E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
55
Sprache Difficult Word Count
53
Joe Biden
But Putin has implicitly acknowledged the factual weakness of his own claims by putting out a variety of other arguments as to why his use of overwhelming force in Chechnya is not only justified but must be supported by Russians and the international community. Over the last year, he has routinely invoked the bogeyman of Islamic fundamentalism as a reason for his actions. And most recently he has said that Russia is fighting the West's battle against terrorism by its actions in Chechnya.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.31015
VADER
-0.934
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.0382158682
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.3882923163
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1287047402
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0191089552
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0018047172
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0017114475
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001844438
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001374052
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.36081E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.21428E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.6052E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
31
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
29
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Joe Biden
Each of those arguments has found some supporters in both Russia and the West, but Putin's apparent need to shift the justification for his actions simultaneously reflects his broader needs -- after all, he has proclaimed this spring that he has ended the threats to the disintegration of Russia despite the ongoing fighting in Chechnya -- and the fact that his original argument was never as impressive as he and his supporters in both Russia and the West often suggested. Why Putin is Wrong on Chechnya and Russia as a Whole
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.58779
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.16667
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.31015
VADER
-0.676
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.5064313766
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.1872216817
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0916831952
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0826351636
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0794733409
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0141552475
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0114970084
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003428784
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002468066
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001447876
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.25882E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
32.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
29
Sprache Difficult Word Count
24
Joe Biden
Putin has been wrong about Chechnya and about Russia as a whole on this issue, but his errors -- that Chechnya must remain part of Russia lest other non-Russian entities within Russia leave -- have been aided and abetted by the attitudes and public positions of Western governments.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.665
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.1778726815
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.1084419549
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0217037232
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0209008795
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0205333781
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0169339197
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0025603256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0011616567
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0010599017
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0009148926
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004662966
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
27.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
17
Sprache Difficult Word Count
18
Joe Biden
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, many of those who had insisted that the USSR would never disintegrate on the basis of ethnic aspirations immediately changed course and insisted that the future of the Russian Federation would inevitably be the past of the Soviet Union: namely, it would be threatened with disintegration along ethnic lines.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.33647
VADER
-0.625
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
5.4597564042
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.4560371395
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.2568471245
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0290966418
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0099528901
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0094317249
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0017939668
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006219119
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002169971
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001244881
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001128523
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
22
Sprache Difficult Word Count
18
Joe Biden
The argument was superficially attractive: After all, the Russian Federation, while more ethnically homogeneous than the Soviet Union had been, included 22 non-Russian autonomous state formations within it. Although these included only about 18 percent of the population, they covered some 53 percent of the territory of Russia as a whole. And many of them, especially in the immediate aftermath of the end of the Soviet empire, aspired to greater autonomy or even ultimate state independence.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.95551
VADER
0.44
Positive
Moderation
Harassment
6.4909085631
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.335906283
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.2507782076
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0187600919
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.010294385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0091594913
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0028129985
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0019126071
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008561698
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0005449976
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001235352
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.7
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
33
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Joe Biden
But this Western assumption was not only wrong on the facts of the case but carried with it some dangerous political implications that Putin continues to exploit and that appear to guide the thinking of many in the West. With regard to the facts, the non-Russian entities within the Russian Federation were less interested in, less capable of, and less able to appeal to the West for help. Only six of the 22 had non-Russian ethnic pluralities. Most were located in areas where the pursuit of independence was largely precluded either because they lacked access to the outside world or even were surrounded by ethnic Russian territory. Few of them had any recent experience with independence, and most concluded early on that independence was not an option, especially because of changed attitudes in Moscow and in the West.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.47826
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.47826
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.9904
VADER
0.645
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
2.2307436913
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.6398516707
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.526952045
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.2772059524
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0133628695
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0037981721
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0009383954
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002421879
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.49056E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.95639E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.34598E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
41.8
Gunning-Fog Score
17.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
47
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
Joe Biden
Chechnya was the exception: its leaders aspired to independence on the model of the Baltic States, it had suffered in ways that had created a genuine national movement, and it had a well-organized secular nationalist leadership that appealed to the world on the same basis that the non-Russian union republics of the former Soviet Union had done. But just as many in the West refused to demand that Gorbachev allow the Baltic countries to acquire de facto independence lest such demands drive him from his reformist path on other issues, so too many in the West have made the same calculation with Yeltsin and now with Putin.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.53846
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
-0.459
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
10.7434347272
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.653830776
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.5204425659
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0334553712
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0164034762
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0083650091
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.002456378
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0023480921
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0019809926
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008677885
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003659331
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
18
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
11.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
39
Sprache Difficult Word Count
39
Joe Biden
But with regard to the implications for the West, the assumption that Russia was threatened with immediate territorial disintegration that had to be countered had three dangerous consequences. First, it lead many in the West to assume that the maintenance of Russia's territorial integrity was necessary for progress on other issue. That led one earlier administration to shift its rhetoric on what had happened to the Soviet Union from a discussion of the end of empire to an insistence that there be "no secession from secession," a shift that trivialized what happened in 1991 and put the West on record against any further independence. In short it put the West in the position of being the last guarantor of Stalin's nationality policy.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.25131
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.26826
VADER
-0.542
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
7.978887856
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.7287539076
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0536824111
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0420048338
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0085368723
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0019784817
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000189463
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.52842E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
4.77977E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.27092E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.6568E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
28.2
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
40
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
Joe Biden
Second, it led another earlier administration into becoming almost a cheerleader for Russian actions against Chechnya. American officials compared Yeltsin's actions in 1994-96 to President Abraham Lincoln's actions during the American Civil War. Worse, it effectively returned the West to the position it had adopted in the late 1960s and early 1970s when it sanctioned a genocide of the Biafran people in Nigeria in the name of border stability in Africa.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.33647
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.78846
VADER
-0.537
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment > Threatening
0.1361529576
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0729718886
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.067031919
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0145238024
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0107933512
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0064442087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0022336038
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005869079
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.09135E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.1348E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.112E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
25
Gunning-Fog Score
17.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
29
Joe Biden
And third, this focus on territorial integrity had the effect of leading some in the West to excuse behavior in Chechnya first by Yeltsin and more recently and especially by Putin, thus contributing to a Russian sense that the West would not hold Moscow to the same standards it holds others to and thus helping to power precisely the kind of Russian exceptionalism that has made it difficult for Russia to integrate into the broader international community so often in the past.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.83333
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.83333
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.03688
VADER
0.382
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.2628029324
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.132944854
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1057134476
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0130973087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0083720312
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0061992891
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0045218043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0027875387
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.46433E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.30747E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.35865E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
27
Sprache Difficult Word Count
29
Joe Biden
But Putin's obsession with Chechnya does reflect a more fundamental problem, one that should be attracting more attention than it has so far both in Russia and here. That is the problem of the Russian community itself. Strange as it may seem to many, it is the lack of integration of the Russian nation that explains much of Putin's fears and approach. Because the Russian state became an empire before the Russian people consolidated as a nation, the Russian state has never been a nation state but the Russians have remained a state-defined nationality, one whose strength tracks with the power of the state rather than serves as a counterweight to it.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.2
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.36772
VADER
-0.036
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.1616303693
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0954153365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0487881334
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0291737524
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0088722918
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0058560316
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0021257662
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0020465977
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003183158
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001281944
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.22158E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
51.6
Gunning-Fog Score
14.5
Coleman-Liau Index
11.9
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
31
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Joe Biden
That puts Russia at odds with the situation in European countries and is ultimately why Russians find it difficult to accept the loss of the outer empire and fear that the disintegration of the Soviet Union will inevitably spread to the Russian Federation itself. A Dangerous Precedent
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.58779
VADER
-0.818
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.6989490017
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0611640164
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0461520074
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0192531428
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0174993431
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0069841597
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0040153576
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0009728579
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003688073
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003106373
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.88243E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
33.6
Gunning-Fog Score
13.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
17
Sprache Difficult Word Count
20
Joe Biden
Putin's actions in Chechnya have not ended the Chechen drive for independence. Instead, his brutal military campaign there has had three effects, one that he and some others hoped for and two that entail risks for the future of Russia.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.557
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.6860219408
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.11667168
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.033575861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0296928483
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0254039362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0171169231
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0112689013
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0032266533
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.002031423
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.001874079
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0006692289
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
59.6
Gunning-Fog Score
11
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
11.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.9
Sprache Readability Score
4.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
15
Sprache Difficult Word Count
15
Joe Biden
By using force against Chechnya, Putin has in fact intimidated many of the other non-Russian peoples in the Russian Federation. Many of their leaders have concluded from the events in Chechnya that they can seek as much autonomy as possible but that the price of doing so is avoiding any moves that look like a drive to independence. That is the calculation behind the actions of Tatarstan President Mintimir Shaimiev and many others. But if these nations are intimidated, they are also offended, as Shaimiev and others have suggested. Indeed, some are angry and may now be more inclined to pursue an independent course should future circumstances allow.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.1431
VADER
-0.799
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0144190417
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0120788121
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0044103646
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0033810531
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0033400709
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0014866414
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0005384098
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001554532
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.41062E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.01067E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.29165E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
43.4
Gunning-Fog Score
13.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
33
Joe Biden
That is problematic enough. But there are two other consequences of Putin's actions in Chechnya with respect to Russia's future that are even more frightening. Putin's policies have led to the Afganization of Chechnya. By destroying so much of that republic's infrastructure and by killing or driving out so many of its people, Putin and his government have destroyed the basic cultural transmission mechanisms there. That has led to the rise of a new group of young men who know little of anything but fighting and who have not been acculturated into the Chechen nation. And they have become available for mobilization by extremist groups, often acting in the name of Islam.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.888
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0138340067
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0043483105
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.002536809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.002074228
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0019024692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.001284454
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0009123685
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.97895E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.3724E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.5007E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.727E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
45.9
Gunning-Fog Score
13.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
33
Sprache Difficult Word Count
35
Joe Biden
I knew and respected Chechen President Djokar Dudaev. In an earlier incarnation, he helped prevent Gorbachev from visiting on Estonia the kind of violence the Soviet president inflicted on Lithuania and Latvia in January 1991. Dudaev, who had been a major general in the Soviet air force and a communist from a young age, told me once that he was a good Muslim in that he prayed three times a day. Of course, good Muslims pray five times a day, but he was sufficiently secular that he did not appear aware of that. Dudaev's approach defined the Chechen national cause until the Russian military actions first of Yeltsin and especially now of Putin. And the Islamist and terrorist threats that Moscow regularly complains of are -- just as is the case in Afghanistan -- the product of Russian actions rather than arising somehow naturally out of the Chechen milieu.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.28571
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.28571
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.54654
VADER
-0.923
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.2843772294
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0632625422
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0597993028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0135506692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0127647625
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0119794204
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.001669521
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0008439661
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004428856
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003182687
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001635905
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
41.5
Gunning-Fog Score
15.5
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
54
Sprache Difficult Word Count
52
Joe Biden
As a result, Russia now faces a far more intractable and dangerous enemy than it would have had it either allowed the Chechen's national self-determination in 1991 or observed the terms of the 1996 Khasavurt accords. It did neither, and it is going to lose this war, just as almost every other colonial power has done. Unfortunately, the Chechnya that is likely to emerge just like Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion or Algeria after the French colonial war there will be a very different and less pleasant place than would otherwise have been the case. And equally unfortunately, the world is likely to blame the victims rather than the victimizers.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.26316
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.26316
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.51083
VADER
-0.959
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.632999232
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0879295752
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0618241844
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0258488028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0032203079
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006153404
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005750136
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000453742
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.12582E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.13872E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
6.622E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
40
Gunning-Fog Score
17.2
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
26
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
Joe Biden
The other consequence of Putin's approach in Chechnya that is likely to be even more dangerous for Russia's future is the ethnicization of political life there and the revived cult of the use of force. In recent days, there have been reports that anti-Semitism is on the wane in Russia. I for one celebrate that progress. But these reports have pointed out that there is a new enemy in Russia, the Chechen people. The demonization of the Chechens by the Russian government and the Russian media have contributed to acts of discrimination and violence by Russian officials and citizens against ethnic Chechens and others from the Caucasus. Few of these actions are ever punished, and many of them are justified, excused or even praised, as witness the outrageous remarks of Russian officials about a colonel who is accused of killing a Chechen woman.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.71429
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.46634
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.08333
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.08333
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.16034
VADER
-0.904
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0643210369
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0423663325
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.025098928
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.018386748
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0087393921
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0035427736
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0027217107
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.00076151
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001043029
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.79754E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
6.24187E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
42.1
Gunning-Fog Score
15.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
49
Sprache Difficult Word Count
46
Joe Biden
Even non-Russians who have never heard of Pastor Niemuller and his observation clearly understand about the ways violence against one group can spread to another. And that is a risk that Putin has invited by his actions.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8473
VADER
-0.542
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0636678888
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0448915322
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0158338051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.014932167
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0101672485
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0087180182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001990488
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001852546
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001212936
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001041079
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.14511E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
51.7
Gunning-Fog Score
13.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.5
Sprache Readability Score
3.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
11
Sprache Difficult Word Count
12
Joe Biden
I am personally very pleased that this committee, the Congress in general, and the American government have begun to speak out more vigorously to demand that Russia seek a political solution in Chechnya. Many are still urging caution against doing so lest we drive Putin into even more nationalist and authoritarian directions. But in fact, it is his actions and our failure to speak out vigorously about them that threatens the territorial integrity and political progress of Russia far more than anything any Chechen or other non-Russian inside the Russian Federation has ever dreamed of doing.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.14286
Leans Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.25131
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.45455
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.8873
VADER
0.664
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
7.0201389492
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1212938456
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0135912385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0107214939
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0051668667
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0015077628
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0007709148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002303907
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001312239
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001010611
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.79322E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
23.1
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
34
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
Joe Biden
Thank you very much. We will start with 10- minute rounds here. Let me pick up my questioning where you left off, Paul. As a result of this war, are the republics in regions with sizable Islamic populations becoming more critical of Putin, and is there a possibility they will attempt to gain independence?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.45199
VADER
0.447
Positive
Moderation
Harassment
22.9346171021
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0493410509
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0248251628
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0084630155
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0061822451
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0060218361
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0056527464
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0039368559
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0012140266
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0010072903
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.62363E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
64.7
Gunning-Fog Score
11.3
Coleman-Liau Index
10.7
SMOG Index
11.8
Automated Readability Index
6.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
3.5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
13
Sprache Difficult Word Count
15
Paul Goble
In 1991, there were no regions except Chechnya that were talking about independence. At the present time, there are a number of officials in Tatarstan -- not the top officials, but a number of officials at lower levels -- who are saying, "You know, if this gets much worse, we will have no choice." In many ways, we are watching a recapitulation of the process of radicalization that took place in Soviet times. As has been properly pointed out, these places are not in the best position, you know, geographically or demographically, to pursue it, but there has been a radicalization of views.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.11111
Leans Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.20067
VADER
-0.906
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
18.8700422645
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0038932892
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0037411293
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.003712891
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0033625962
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0028822489
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0023982237
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0021984979
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0019891841
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0017136686
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.13824E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
47.2
Gunning-Fog Score
14.5
Coleman-Liau Index
11.3
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
22
Sprache Difficult Word Count
23
Paul Goble
If you look at the debates over the last 6 months about whether you have an insert in the passport, whether you maintain your power-sharing treaty, and then you look at what is being said in the local press, there is a process of radicalization. I am not prepared to say that next week or 6 months from now the Tatars are going to declare that, "We're out of here." What I'm suggesting is that the ethnicization of political life, where attacking people on ethnic lines becomes acceptable, which is, in fact, what is going on in Russia because of the Chechen war, more and more non-Russians -- and I would say the people of the Tatar-Bashkortostan area in the middle of the Volga are the first candidates for this and, second, some in Buriatia -- are beginning to say things that suggest they are very disturbed about the future of the Russian Federation and what their place will be in it. Many of them wish the Chechens had never tried for independence, because they think they are suffering as a result. Again, repeating the kinds of things you have heard among Ukrainians about the Balts in 1989 and 1990.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.12516
VADER
-0.845
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
94.901829958
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
1.8714765087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0667473767
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0214576939
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.011331679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0019124887
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0012343952
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0009749365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0006749783
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006053477
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.61106E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
47.3
Gunning-Fog Score
18.5
Coleman-Liau Index
9.7
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
47
Paul Goble
I am not suggesting there is a simple repetition. I am more worried about the poisoning of Russian political life than I am about the changing of borders, except that I believe Chechnya will be independent. I think no one has won a colonial war, effectively, and Putin is not going to be the first. But what you are seeing is a low-grade, below-the-top leadership discussion. I happen, for professional reasons, to read the Tatar and Bashkir press each day, OK, and I can tell you that there are articles and statements in there today that would not have been there 6 months ago and that there is a process of radicalization just below the official level.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.16705
VADER
-0.427
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.5767115857
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.2051252173
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1453920151
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0131544701
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0106942411
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0055391491
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0045411809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003052668
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000188983
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.55184E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.48581E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
54.9
Gunning-Fog Score
14.3
Coleman-Liau Index
9.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
34
Joe Biden
Dr. Solnick, you spoke of the uniqueness of Chechnya within the Federation. Would you expand on that? Why is it so different from any of the other areas?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.394
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
13.421228528
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.9926567785
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.463147182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0894894882
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0538207707
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0084679799
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0045398301
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003203207
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000178697
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.72167E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.7646E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
66.8
Gunning-Fog Score
5.7
Coleman-Liau Index
9.6
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
2.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.9
Sprache Readability Score
2.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
8
Sprache Difficult Word Count
8
Dr Solnick
Well, on my right here is someone who is more of an expert on Chechnya than I, but I think many of the problems that we encounter in Chechnya stem from that moment in 1994 when the Federal Government -- and Yeltsin, in particular -- had managed to get his constitution ratified. There were two republics that were not yet on board the new Federal structure: One was Tatarstan, the other was Chechnya. And many of his advisors urged that he use a treaty process to basically strike a deal with Tatarstan and strike a deal with Chechnya. And he went and did that with Tatarstan, and then it broke down with Chechnya. And the breakdown of that negotiation with Chechnya essentially got the republic off the rail.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.25
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.25
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.47957
VADER
-0.807
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
96.6062426567
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.5596760195
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0569917669
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0301956927
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0084844934
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0015690986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004895039
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.71315E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.29967E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.01973E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.4869E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
54.4
Gunning-Fog Score
13.6
Coleman-Liau Index
10.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Dr Solnick
Now, why did that happen? I think a lot of that has to do with the geostrategic position of Chechnya -- it sat atop a pipeline route -- with internal politics in Chechnya -- there was not an interlocutor for the Federal Government in Chechnya -- with the clan politics internal to the political structure in that republic. According to some accounts, the people that they were close to reaching agreement with were unable to deliver that agreement, and the Ministry of Defense wanted to display its ability to use force, and that was a lethal combination at that time. And once the action was made, there was no turning back because of the baggage that Chechnya brings.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.69231
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.69231
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.52606
VADER
0.832
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
17.3227608204
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1018291339
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0037538233
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0023785105
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0018208952
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0008733743
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008467878
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.97701E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.44765E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.63432E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.07956E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
41.4
Gunning-Fog Score
17.4
Coleman-Liau Index
11.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
34
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Dr Solnick
I will conclude with this -- it took more czarist troops to incorporate Chechnya into the Russian empire than it did to repel Napoleon. So there is a long, long history here.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.0113268281
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0102517915
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0081601072
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0021795409
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0003175326
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002885345
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
9.14212E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.63805E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
2.29816E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.92202E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.7456E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
62.8
Gunning-Fog Score
8.8
Coleman-Liau Index
10.4
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
7.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
3.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
9
Sprache Difficult Word Count
10
Joe Biden
Dr. Dunlop, would you like to comment on that?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0143307145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0082443679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0061255625
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0060655449
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0031558833
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0007413917
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005559465
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004937192
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002628345
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001313947
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.74481E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
98.9
Gunning-Fog Score
1.8
Coleman-Liau Index
7
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.5
Sprache Readability Score
1.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
George Dunlop
Yes, I think Steve has accurately described the background to the breakdown of relations, especially in 1994, between the Russian Republic and Chechnya. I do think -- and I have written a book on this, on the antecedents to the first war; I published it in 1998 -- I do think that a deal could have been struck with General Dudaev, President Dudaev. As Paul has mentioned, he was very much a Soviet man. And he, all along, indicated that he wanted a negotiated settlement. I do fault the Russian side more than the Chechen side in that case. I think some kind of an associated arrangement could have been worked out. And when you think of the two wars fought since then, at enormous human and economic cost, one can say that Yeltsin and his team made a horrible mistake in 1994, and that that mistake is continuing today.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.959
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1331159612
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0715800794
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.042755215
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0302665954
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.029731571
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0215116714
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004930928
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003258936
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002488385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001363828
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.16129E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
65.9
Gunning-Fog Score
12.2
Coleman-Liau Index
9.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
32
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
Joe Biden
One of the things I find as I travel Europe is the same kind of characterization of Chechnya that I have found with regard to the Balkans, namely Islamic fundamentalism and the radicalization of society. In other words, this is as much a religious uprising as anything else. Would any of you speak to that for a moment?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.78846
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.1193220261
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0256283121
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0189410683
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0178133501
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0053123436
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0051114726
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0049704675
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004570841
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000154117
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
8.04262E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.26014E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
48.6
Gunning-Fog Score
12.6
Coleman-Liau Index
10.3
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
4.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
13
Sprache Difficult Word Count
14
Paul Goble
If I might. The Chechens were Islamicized very late. They were Islamicized by Avar missionaries between the 14th and 16th centuries. The Islamic overlay of the tight "clannic" system meant that Islam was domesticated very heavily. The Naqshbandiyya and to a lesser extent, the Khalidi tariqyat of Sufism had an influence, but it was something where Islam became the basis for political unity under only one condition, and that was when you were attacked from the outside.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.612
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.2418580242
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.551822409
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.3299225122
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0902965316
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0888434181
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0408808177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0112268463
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0030903768
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0012338704
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003745052
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.61556E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
39.6
Gunning-Fog Score
12.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.5
Sprache Readability Score
4.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
25
Paul Goble
As far as deep attachment -- you know, the whole Middle Eastern idea of what Muslims are, something straight out of the popular press in this country -- this was not a heavily Islamic place. This was not even like that in Daghestan, next door.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.666
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
7.349421829
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
1.4612675644
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
1.3336242177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
1.1213731021
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.1889165607
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0166757687
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0021750142
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0012853889
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0010366813
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002781438
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.41197E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
63
Gunning-Fog Score
13.3
Coleman-Liau Index
10.2
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.6
Sprache Readability Score
3.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
7
Sprache Difficult Word Count
8
Paul Goble
There is an unfortunate tendency, in Europe and here, to think that once you have invoked the word "Islam," you've explained the world. It is a kind of acceptable racism, I am afraid. If anyone explained European history by reference to the fact that almost everyone was a Christian, people would laugh. But if you say Islam causes something, this is considered scholarly insight. It is nonsense.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.61904
VADER
-0.833
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.6069048308
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.5541267805
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1787457499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.080986286
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0256376225
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0172431755
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0034885121
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0008668918
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001666412
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.08609E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.1502E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
59.4
Gunning-Fog Score
11.9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
7.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.1
Sprache Readability Score
3.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
19
Sprache Difficult Word Count
19
Paul Goble
The Chechen national movement, in 1989, 1990, and 1991, was entirely secular. They were not interested in promoting an Islamic state. Dudaev, as has been said, was a Soviet man. He was a very good Soviet man. He prevented Gorbachev from killing people in Estonia the way he had done in Lithuania and Latvia. He closed down the air-traffic control over Estonia to prevent Soviet paratroopers being sent into Tallinn on the third weekend in January, and he was responsible for saving Boris Yeltsin, who went to Tallinn on January 13, 1991. He got him driven back to the airport in St. Petersburg to avoid his plane being blown up. This was a secular movement. It was modeled explicitly on the Baltic aspirations.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.58779
VADER
-0.436
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0525224314
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.021212711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0073366624
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0059810995
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0033451874
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0026853737
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0004836667
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002650079
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.63534E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.43228E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.0004E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
56.4
Gunning-Fog Score
8.8
Coleman-Liau Index
10.3
SMOG Index
11.9
Automated Readability Index
5.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
40
Paul Goble
It was only once Russia started the killing, the massive killing, in 1994, 1995, and 1996, that you began removing the traditional elders of these type communities and people became available for mobilization by others, the same thing that happened in Afghanistan. Afghanistan, historically, was not a very Islamic place. The Taliban happened because of the Soviet destruction of the community in Afghanistan. And we find ourselves -- and the Europeans, even worse, I would suggest -- find ourselves blaming the victim. In other words, the Afghans are responsible for the Taliban. No, the Taliban happened because of what the Soviets and the Russians did in Afghanistan.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.09091
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.16705
VADER
-0.967
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
1.2019105256
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1397090033
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.1145560876
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0729977561
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0065197746
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0013858212
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0008498864
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0007128564
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004302521
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001205235
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.7575E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
44.8
Gunning-Fog Score
10.8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
34
Sprache Difficult Word Count
27
Paul Goble
What is happening in Chechnya, the Islamization of Chechnya, is exactly the same. It is an extraordinarily unfortunate thing. The image of the enemy, of Islam, has been put out by a number of people in Moscow because, guess what, they found it works. They found that if you say that here, it works. And it does.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.60944
VADER
-0.735
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.0643172069
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0515574939
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0028983985
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0008449381
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0004886168
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0003786134
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.29503E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
9.14891E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.55709E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.10792E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.0002E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
6.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
67.6
Gunning-Fog Score
8.1
Coleman-Liau Index
9.3
SMOG Index
10.5
Automated Readability Index
4.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.6
Sprache Readability Score
2.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
11
Sprache Difficult Word Count
10
Dr Balzer
Let me add a footnote to what Paul just said about Islam. The range of available Islams within the Russian Federation is quite great, including a brand of Islam that is a reformist Islam that blends European and Eastern philosophies. It's called "The New Way," Jadidism. It was part of the turn of the 20th century politics. And it was born in Tatarstan. There are many different kinds of Islam -- Islamic fundamentalism is not all one word. Therefore, it is possible that some of the more reformist Islamic tendencies can be grown -- and, indeed, in Tatarstan, are being grown locally by new community centers, with mosque-centered, politics that are not radical. In other words, there is a way to look at the development of religion that is not necessarily fundamentalist when you do talk about Islam.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.31015
VADER
0.656
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.2467744751
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1884473371
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0465058984
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0320229272
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0078782716
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0050447135
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000346022
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001697484
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001543622
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.73452E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.19901E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.2
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
52.4
Gunning-Fog Score
12.7
Coleman-Liau Index
11.7
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
38
Joe Biden
Thank you. Senator Helms.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.2316982718
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0175203138
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.011165873
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0052554955
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0025392392
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0023344499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0014119075
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0010471172
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001578085
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001536285
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.74733E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
2.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
77.9
Gunning-Fog Score
10.8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
7.3
Automated Readability Index
3.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
1.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Jesse Helms
Mr. Chairman, I think that we have four distinguished, articulate witnesses here. And, for my part, and for my 10 minutes, I wish that you would interrupt me or each other and let us have a discussion among you four, with me sort of sitting up here cheering you on or whatever.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.557
Very Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.2369981958
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0471727602
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0219624577
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0123792925
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0112149894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0020676001
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0017982233
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0008276733
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003287601
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001878658
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001874195
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
73.7
Gunning-Fog Score
10.8
Coleman-Liau Index
8.5
SMOG Index
10.6
Automated Readability Index
6.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.9
Sprache Readability Score
3.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
10
Sprache Difficult Word Count
11
Jesse Helms
Now, first thing before I do that, I turned around the chart. And on there, it has Milosevic's war in Kosovo and Putin's war in Chechnya. Now, Milosevic -- death toll by war: 10,500 -- and that's five-tenths of 1 percent, a half of 1 percent. Putin's war: 30,000-35,000 -- three percent of the population. Detentions during the war: 2,000 for Milosevic; 20,000 for Putin. Displaced persons caused by war: 1,500,000 people, 75 percent of the population; and Putin: 600,000- 700,000, and that is 60 to 70 percent of the population. And the pre-war population: two million -- that was the estimation in 1999 -- and one million in Chechnya in 1999.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.42857
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.42857
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.8473
VADER
-0.982
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0772813917
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0215900611
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0064046137
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0030542778
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0014730622
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006958513
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0003769403
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002000531
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.19632E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.9351E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.7655E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
84.4
Gunning-Fog Score
9.5
Coleman-Liau Index
5.2
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
3.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.4
Sprache Readability Score
4.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
27
Sprache Difficult Word Count
19
Jesse Helms
Milosevic's War in Kosovo Putin's War in Chechnya Deaths Caused by War 10,500 (00.5% of pop.) 30-35,000 (3% of pop.) Detentions During War 2,000+ 20,000+ Displaced Persons Caused by War 1,500,000 975% of pop.) 600-700,000 (60-70% of pop.) Pre-War Population 2,000,000 (estimated 1999) 1,000,000 (estimated 1999)
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.77778
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.77778
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.7346
VADER
-0.966
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.02328837
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0224807634
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0178177826
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0128343323
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0089890986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0087562927
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0015953499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0011091062
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0008705536
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003578888
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001040164
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
6.8
Coleman-Liau Index
0
SMOG Index
10
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.7
Sprache Readability Score
3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
12
Sprache Difficult Word Count
11
Jesse Helms
Now, my question to any of you -- my understanding is that Russian forces have destroyed some 85 percent of Chechen historic and religious sites in Chechnya, not to mention a library that was the central repository of Chechen historical documents. What do you believe is the strategy behind this destruction; and, further, is this destruction compatible with international obligations concerning the conduct of war? Anybody that wants to grab that one, I would like to hear.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.43532
VADER
-0.681
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.2567329211
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.237280014
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0468434533
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0450728927
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0127087013
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0038164711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0018530034
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0018006704
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006513907
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003286397
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002812293
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.3
Gunning-Fog Score
18
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.2
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
24
Sprache Difficult Word Count
27
Paul Goble
Senator, there have been suggestions in the Russian press that, "If we cannot defeat the Chechens, we can destroy them." Destroying cultural artifacts, destroying cultural transmission mechanisms, is, under international law, genocide. This is an act of genocide by the Russian Government. It is incompatible with the undertakings Russia has signed with the United Nations, with OSCE, and a bunch of other places. It is -- to destroy a nation's culture is genocide under international law. To destroy this many people is genocide under international law.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.83321
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.45455
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.45455
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.8873
VADER
-0.936
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
4.0878616273
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.6742696278
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.5881241057
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1509243855
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0319455663
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0146047401
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0100892896
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003160745
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.1524E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.012E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.7514E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
39.2
Gunning-Fog Score
13.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.1
Sprache Readability Score
4.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
29
Sprache Difficult Word Count
27
Paul Goble
If this action had been committed by any government that did not have nuclear weapons, the country that did it would be outside -- would be considered beyond the pale. But a government that has nuclear weapons that does things like this is usually in a position to insist that it not be criticized too much. And we have now watched -- in the last week, following the statement by Lord Russell-Johnston at PACE, which has been referred to several times this morning -- Russians complaining that, "PACE is putting too much pressure on us, and if the Europeans don't stop, we'll find a way to respond." I mean, that is the -- you know, that is the response you are getting. As long -- I think the Russians have violated all kinds of international agreements. I think if we do not hold --
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.28571
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.28571
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.54654
VADER
-0.308
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.1328661223
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0210910002
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0161107993
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0106417494
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0084429041
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0030816507
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0016674765
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0015162095
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009038555
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003750456
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001711028
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
64.6
Gunning-Fog Score
13.3
Coleman-Liau Index
10.1
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
26
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
Jesse Helms
All right. All right. Dr. Balzer, I saw you shaking your head. Tell my why.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
-0.178
Leans Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.1338410075
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0209262842
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0162659155
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0105590945
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.00845553
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0030502171
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0016603406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0015048711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0009082484
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003746141
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001721148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
1.2
Coleman-Liau Index
5.7
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
2.3
Sprache Readability Score
1.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Dr Balzer
Well, my reaction to this comparison is that it does a good deal of credit to the late human rights worker in Chechnya and the Balkans, Fred Cuny, who was murdered in Chechnya. And he began pointing out these kinds of comparisons that --
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.58779
VADER
0.296
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.132076384
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0206674158
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0161238786
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.010647891
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0083991472
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0030656789
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0016565007
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0014885921
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0008952527
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003678161
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.000166727
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
63
Gunning-Fog Score
10.5
Coleman-Liau Index
9.9
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
9.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.5
Sprache Readability Score
4.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
12
Sprache Difficult Word Count
12
Jesse Helms
Are you saying it is false -- that it is not accurate?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.1117153442
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0396579358
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0139742362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0122641359
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0063154657
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.00353748
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0015179571
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004158729
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003378012
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002970928
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002200758
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
4.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
80.3
Gunning-Fog Score
8
Coleman-Liau Index
5.6
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
1.2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.4
Sprache Readability Score
2.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Dr Balzer
No, I am not at all. On the contrary, I am saying it does honor -- the idea behind the comparison is an important one, and it does honor to the spirit of what Fred Cuny did, because he started making these comparisons precisely in order to show how much more violent Chechnya has been. And it also blows away stereotypes, because there was an assumption that our involvement, which was so much greater in the Balkans, was because the intensity of the war in the Balkans was so great.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.58779
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.16667
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.31015
VADER
-0.332
Somewhat Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.3409826895
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1781327068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.1306629973
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0742537261
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0279366679
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007158176
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0005532005
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002336177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002213821
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001024955
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
6.93113E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
49.3
Gunning-Fog Score
16.8
Coleman-Liau Index
9.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
17
Sprache Difficult Word Count
18
Jesse Helms
I see. Dr. Dunlop, do you have a comment?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
2.5018140674
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0734997506
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.066417479
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.017863237
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0113118571
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0112465073
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0103748986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002038846
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001570171
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.01105E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.98806E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
1.2
Coleman-Liau Index
3.1
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
1.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
George Dunlop
Yes, I would like to make a couple of points, Senator. First, I recently published a study of human losses in the first war, the 1994 to 1996 war, in "Central Asian Survey," and I concluded, in a very rough estimate, that 46,500 people had died in that war, about 35,000 of them civilians. So we could add those figures to these new figures and get an even more catastrophic total.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.53846
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.53846
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
-0.954
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
8.8553451002
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1020043972
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0059508493
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0017678396
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0015287293
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006287996
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001638612
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.74643E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.53873E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.39578E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.4296E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
70.9
Gunning-Fog Score
13
Coleman-Liau Index
6.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
13
Sprache Difficult Word Count
17
George Dunlop
And second, I wanted to mention that the Lam Center for Pluralism in Grozny-Nazran, which works with the Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe, recently issued a report on the fate of Chechnya's architecture and natural treasures in which they provide in great detail information on the destruction of the traditional tower monuments in Chechnya dating from the 11th to the 17th century. These are ancient architectural monuments, many of which have been destroyed or damaged as a result of the military operations in Chechnya.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.33647
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.5
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.99853
VADER
-0.103
Leans Negative
Moderation
Harassment
2.6369214058
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0283006695
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0156116294
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0112097303
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0047327434
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002908419
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0002637867
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
8.43913E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.7426E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.52412E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.938E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
14.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
35
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Jesse Helms
Dr. Solnick.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.1790069742
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.115500926
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0196070076
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.010639985
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0014554647
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0006242972
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0005686875
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005103765
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003904006
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.16893E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.1827E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
2.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
78.9
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
10.4
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
0.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Dr Solnick
I just want to add one thing. While Chechnya is a predominantly Chechen republic, one of the more concentrated non-Russian Republics, I just want to emphasize that the population in the cities, particularly Grozny, was heavily mixed. And when the war came, especially the first war, but also the second war, the casualties were not only on the Chechen side, but on the Russian population living in the cities, especially the Russian population of Grozny. So while I think I agree with my colleagues that there is a racist character to this war, it is also true and consistent with the general brutality of the Russian Armed Forces, that the deaths have been seen on both sides.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.06667
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.12516
VADER
-0.94
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.2958185272
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0420821249
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0313616736
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0117744596
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0085919499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0058448008
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010655895
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005512403
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002374417
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002352621
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001391939
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
42.8
Gunning-Fog Score
17.6
Coleman-Liau Index
11.4
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
31
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Jesse Helms
Yes or no, a question I had. Do you think Mr. Putin will ever, ever be able to establish control over Chechnya, short of a genocidal outcome?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.128
Leans Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.8190616965
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.062420906
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0293588848
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0143485711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0064244385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0029756622
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0009925179
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0009489137
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005908881
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003054203
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002617614
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
6.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
66.1
Gunning-Fog Score
6.6
Coleman-Liau Index
7.9
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
2.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
2.4
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
7
Sprache Difficult Word Count
8
George Dunlop
No.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.296
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0597248552
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0263750291
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.013700813
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0080812744
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0067675443
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0019848769
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0008435404
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.000135708
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001097811
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.22189E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.80309E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
0
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0
Sprache Readability Score
0.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
Paul Goble
No.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.296
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0568019343
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0366497465
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0062171261
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0035977144
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0004509088
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004046782
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001590855
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0001552871
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
2.41019E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
6.4417E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.4258E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
0
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0
Sprache Readability Score
0.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
Dr Solnick
No.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.296
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0809017045
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.016469472
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0122671074
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.009463157
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0065404856
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0064891632
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0061856772
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0022471089
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0012614367
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002527281
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.17772E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
0
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0
Sprache Readability Score
0.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
Jesse Helms
No, no, no. Dr. Balzer?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.681
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
6.0955181718
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0247800897
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0199730654
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0052105483
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0048794231
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0027970047
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006255827
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.48463E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.05535E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.5052E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.407E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.7
Coleman-Liau Index
0.5
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.4
Sprache Readability Score
1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Dr Balzer
There is a school of thought that discusses low intensity -- and I'm not sure Chechnya really is so low intensity -- wars that go on for a long, long time. And if Chechnya becomes something like Northern Ireland or other places that have had protracted multi-generation wars, then it is extraordinarily difficult for us to predict what will happen. However, the degree of destruction of the small Chechen people is so great that the only answer, short of that kind of horrifying long-term war, is negotiation.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.1431
VADER
-0.973
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1417974359
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0238900873
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0124718761
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0093055824
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0031929394
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.00254148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0023585389
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0020142714
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0005492877
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0005130435
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001456161
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
43.2
Gunning-Fog Score
17.1
Coleman-Liau Index
11.8
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.9
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
19
Sprache Difficult Word Count
20
Jesse Helms
Thank you, ma'am. Now, by the year 2015, it's estimated that as much as 20 to 25 percent of Russia's population will be Muslim. Now, what does the war in Chechnya today portend for a country where Muslims will, in the not too distant future, if that estimate is accurate, amount to nearly a quarter of the population? That is to say 25 percent. What's the future for Russia?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
-0.414
Negative
Moderation
Harassment
7.5385212898
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0269968761
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0118217555
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0061536186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018464923
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0015874928
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004663607
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002226784
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0001502378
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001307623
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001203106
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
77.6
Gunning-Fog Score
8.4
Coleman-Liau Index
8.1
SMOG Index
9.5
Automated Readability Index
4.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.6
Sprache Readability Score
3.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
17
Sprache Difficult Word Count
17
Paul Goble
As has been pointed out, Senator, there are many kinds of Muslims, and there will continue to be many kinds of Muslims. Some of the Muslims are going to be radicalized. It is worth noting that, in the last 3 months, President Putin has spent a great deal of time trying to sort out the internal contradictions within the leadership of the Russian Muslim community. There are two claimants for the top spot, and Putin desperately wants to establish a single Muslim entity, if you will. Islam not being a clerical religion, that's a little problematic, but the Russians and the Soviets did it, so Putin is trying to have one. It is not clear that the Muslims will not become increasingly important and, it is worth noting, Putin is --
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.11
Leans Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0098664728
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0059320839
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0037161466
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0034646873
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003359869
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.000204505
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001899689
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.15414E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
1.60507E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
6.4616E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.3264E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
59.9
Gunning-Fog Score
13
Coleman-Liau Index
10.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
36
Sprache Difficult Word Count
31
Joe Biden
Putin what? I'm sorry, Paul.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
-0.077
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
13.4639754891
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.129971467
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0500631169
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0460470212
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0161584481
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0153714165
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0081221595
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.007740697
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018335792
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0014670253
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001842057
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
1.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
85.9
Gunning-Fog Score
1
Coleman-Liau Index
7.6
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.6
Sprache Readability Score
1.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Paul Goble
I'm sorry?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
-0.077
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.3952307161
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0730977918
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0604548608
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0522313698
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0489894475
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0223356503
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0141391385
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0102156177
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.006578047
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0052598527
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0037343285
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
2.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
77.9
Gunning-Fog Score
0.8
Coleman-Liau Index
4.7
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Joe Biden
You said it's not -- they won't become increasingly what?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
20.854921639
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1914492808
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1077882946
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0370979047
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0323577435
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0147414336
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0040288058
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003943784
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.37962E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.17332E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.39662E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
75.5
Gunning-Fog Score
8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
5.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
2.2
Sprache Readability Score
1.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Paul Goble
Well, it's not clear that they will become increasingly radical.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.161
Leans Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0122221551
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0104944207
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0078733305
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.006894955
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0058986221
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0016193757
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0009436993
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.000337281
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002238384
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.56114E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.73735E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.2
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
61.3
Gunning-Fog Score
12
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
8.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.7
Sprache Readability Score
2.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Joe Biden
Right.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.0318608276
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0108696579
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0049744838
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0036483616
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0024091603
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0014912589
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009777112
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008854348
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004325841
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.26667E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
7.8049E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
2.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0
Sprache Readability Score
0.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
Paul Goble
But they will necessarily be increasingly important.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.60944
VADER
0.202
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Harassment
12.6347571611
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1802231884
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0688963861
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0040190087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0034792789
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000273368
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002711814
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0002129243
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.3275E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.73232E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.03621E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
6.4
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.9
Sprache Readability Score
1.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Joe Biden
I understand.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.0459925621
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0153824425
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0132545931
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0075144373
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0051578918
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0041724903
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0033827753
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0022702772
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0022261038
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0004431306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.55682E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.6
Gunning-Fog Score
19
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
5.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0.1
Sprache Readability Score
1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Paul Goble
Mr. Putin has been involved, also, in the organization of the Eurasian movement, the Refrock party and a -- to try to have some kind of party that will rope in the Muslims. Whether that's going to work, we don't know, but these people are not happy about what's going on in Chechnya, and there is more draft resistance among Muslims.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.58779
VADER
-0.057
Neutral
Moderation
Hate
0.0132168701
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.004923157
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.00492211
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0045168217
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0039042203
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0036659323
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0014894128
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0008503672
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0004385929
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.7791E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.13307E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
68.1
Gunning-Fog Score
9.3
Coleman-Liau Index
9.6
SMOG Index
9.9
Automated Readability Index
8.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.4
Sprache Readability Score
4.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
13
Sprache Difficult Word Count
14
Jesse Helms
Dr. Balzer, I noticed you, this time, were nodding your head. Do you agree with that?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0656325894
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0161767763
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0043753644
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0018523657
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0017486174
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0016283981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010098989
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001790365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.1599E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.26357E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.5434E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
1.2
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
95.7
Gunning-Fog Score
2.1
Coleman-Liau Index
7.7
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.2
Sprache Readability Score
1.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
4
Sprache Difficult Word Count
5
Dr Balzer
Yes, indeed. Islam is increasingly important, and Islamic people have been organizing themselves. Whether this new Eurasian movement will come to pull in those Islamic leaders is another question. I think the Eurasian movement, and even in its past, has been more a Russian phenomena than a non- Russian one.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.6
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.542
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.8037725464
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0214912725
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.020667474
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0089309469
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0010532685
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005152735
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0003465005
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002968988
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001985905
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.52777E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.035E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
53.7
Gunning-Fog Score
9
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
11.8
Automated Readability Index
8.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.4
Sprache Readability Score
3.2
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
15
Sprache Difficult Word Count
13
Jesse Helms
Thank you. Dr. Dunlop.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0361279584
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0068818241
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.003541723
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0025268446
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0018097275
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0008228198
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004581585
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0002186163
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.54524E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.36012E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.8523E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
99.7
Gunning-Fog Score
0.5
Coleman-Liau Index
7.5
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8
Sprache Readability Score
1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
George Dunlop
I wanted to add one point which I don't think we've addressed sufficiently so far, which is the percentage of Muslims in the North Caucasus region. This is a particularly volatile area, and there are very few Russians there. I believe, in Ingushetia, I read recently, there's only 2 percent Russians. And in Daghestan, 5 percent?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.51083
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
0.0144590653
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.003879454
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0017225215
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0016221331
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0008709938
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002853398
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
8.18516E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.37584E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.2056E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.5998E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.0559E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
64.2
Gunning-Fog Score
9.2
Coleman-Liau Index
11.4
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
7.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.8
Sprache Readability Score
3.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
18
Sprache Difficult Word Count
17
Paul Goble
Maybe as much as eight.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.0551796344
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0255959341
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0038291397
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0008560678
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004714531
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001957406
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001118321
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
9.34489E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
4.89772E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.65787E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.6448E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
2
Coleman-Liau Index
5.3
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0.2
Sprache Readability Score
1.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
George Dunlop
Eight percent? Five to eight -- there are very small numbers of ethnic Russians in these regions. And, of course, the violence, the fighting, is right on their doorstep. These are areas which are subject to more volatility, perhaps, than Muslim regions in central Russia and elsewhere. So what happens in Chechnya, and the resolution of the crisis there, directly impacts the other North Caucasus regimes. Furthermore, numerous Russian troops are based in these republics. And, according to recent reports, they've been behaving as badly in Ingushetia as they have in Chechnya. Recently, the President of Ingushetia, Ruslan Aushev, had to complain officially against what he called barbarism being perpetrated by these Russian troops in his own republic. So I think the Muslims in the North Caucasus region should be a subject of particular attention for us.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.70805
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.43532
VADER
-0.946
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
3.4393630922
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0544899201
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0457390037
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0322277891
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0295267761
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.015975158
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0155739675
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0091796981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0046328638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0042456541
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0003682236
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
51.5
Gunning-Fog Score
11
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
48
Sprache Difficult Word Count
44
Jesse Helms
Mr. Chairman, would you allow Dr. Solnick to answer the question?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.226
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0596987898
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0531536003
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0308054499
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0183141339
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0098994577
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0028220777
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0007173758
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002338594
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001059974
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
4.04525E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.21529E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
80.1
Gunning-Fog Score
1.5
Coleman-Liau Index
11.4
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
2.2
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.9
Sprache Readability Score
1.6
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
4
Sprache Difficult Word Count
6
Joe Biden
Sure.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.318
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0874459802
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0373515068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0333761767
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0176140151
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0045776476
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0024790996
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0008585541
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0007641084
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003343267
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0002356892
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.61839E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
7.5
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0
Sprache Readability Score
0.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
Dr Solnick
I just wanted to note that we may be more discriminating in distinguishing Caucasian and Muslim and North Caucasian than the Russian people are. This war is generating a lot of prejudice against dark-skinned Russian citizens. Not all dark-skinned Russian citizens are Muslims. So the social tensions generated from this war are not quite so neatly compartmentalized as we might portray them here.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.45455
Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.45455
Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.8873
VADER
-0.881
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.7851538956
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.9084908292
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.6582224742
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0896745711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0199619084
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.016394876
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0137527764
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0129519991
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0047302798
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0007186967
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002256562
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
53.7
Gunning-Fog Score
12
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
3.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
20
Sprache Difficult Word Count
16
Jesse Helms
Anybody want to say anything, in a sentence or two, further on this question?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.60944
VADER
0.153
Leans Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.3317534924
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.2067017835
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.107755186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0273576617
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0152626817
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0034655397
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0030600913
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0012513505
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0009775434
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0004597267
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002557853
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
59.7
Gunning-Fog Score
8.5
Coleman-Liau Index
9.8
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
6.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0.7
Sprache Readability Score
2.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
5
Paul Goble
Could I just add one sentence?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-1.09861
VADER
0.077
Neutral
Moderation
Harassment
2.7925243601
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
1.1581450701
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.8715540171
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.412008306
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0645855733
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0180032628
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0064759341
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0045406268
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004036672
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0004015041
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0003152845
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
2.4
Coleman-Liau Index
7.7
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0.3
Sprache Readability Score
1.5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Jesse Helms
Yes, sir.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.402
Positive
Moderation
Harassment
2.1640026942
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0541409827
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0191288258
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0155213362
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0110901819
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0089392619
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0068766938
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0040423365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0011198225
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0010885809
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.000153837
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.8
Coleman-Liau Index
1.7
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0.1
Sprache Readability Score
1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Paul Goble
Last week, the leader of the Tatar community of Moscow pointed out that the Russian Government should not treat the Muslims in Moscow as immigrants because, as he said, "We were here when this city was founded."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.128
Leans Negative
Moderation
Harassment
2.1146405488
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.4190672655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.2863590373
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0422335317
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0198311231
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0066527005
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0045926106
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0033539298
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.91214E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.79273E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
6.30691E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
45.8
Gunning-Fog Score
17
Coleman-Liau Index
11.1
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
9
Sprache Difficult Word Count
11
Jesse Helms
OK. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.663
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
1.6292639077
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1029031584
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0135473238
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.002225537
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0020705798
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0009013515
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0007422831
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0005356525
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003524085
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.80371E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.02534E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.7
Coleman-Liau Index
7.6
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
9.6
Sprache Readability Score
1.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
Joe Biden
Senator Lugar.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
1.6429396346
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
1.3186399825
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
1.1720471084
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.9544034488
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1346152043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0745336816
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0590142619
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0322737586
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0175015972
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0011176247
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0004035829
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
0.8
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
7.8
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
1.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
2
Richard Lugar
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I join Senator Biden and Senator Helms in their compliments on four extraordinary papers -- each tremendously helpful for our understanding and for all who may be listening to this hearing.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.70805
VADER
0.858
Very Positive
Moderation
Hate
0.0936187396
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0812756072
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0188579579
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0084465843
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0044321034
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0011094288
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0004706611
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0002322542
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.71733E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.60675E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.7314E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
51
Gunning-Fog Score
10.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
11
Sprache Difficult Word Count
12
Richard Lugar
I'm going to have two sets of questions. First of all, to prey upon your expertise to get a finer point on the economic effects on Russia of this war in Chechnya. And, second, the morale factor -- which would include draft evasion. You have touched upon that with the Muslim community, but it seems much more widespread, including the phenomenon of living off the land and the violations that may be occurring in other sectors.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.61904
VADER
-0.681
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1756444457
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0176506161
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0096793112
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0064466985
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0034696703
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0031988155
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0024949282
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0003403879
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001376773
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.5316E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.7023E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
9.5
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
60.3
Gunning-Fog Score
12.8
Coleman-Liau Index
10.9
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
9.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
22
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Richard Lugar
In addition to this, I'll phrase the economic issue in this way: as commonly portrayed in our press it's suggested the Russian budget, as a total budget of the country -- the Duma adopted a budget of about $50 billion in U.S. dollar terms and about $8 billion in defense spending. When Americans hear that, they think there must be a misprint -- single-digit -- because we're talking about $300 billion-plus for our defense budget. But nevertheless, some would say, well, you've masked this, because there's a lot of demonetization here, the living-off- the-land factor, barter and so forth. But nevertheless, it's a very small budget for the country and a very small budget for defense, yet there's a pretty big war going on. Can anybody characterize how much of this budget is consumed in the war, or what the effects are upon the economy of Russia from the prosecution of this war?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.66667
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.29928
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.27273
Slightly Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.51083
VADER
-0.637
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1835129573
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1309891348
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0434181798
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0364127365
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0230740465
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0142787045
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.005783833
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0002708619
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
6.67924E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.12904E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.90091E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.9
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
56.1
Gunning-Fog Score
13.5
Coleman-Liau Index
10.2
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.5
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
44
Sprache Difficult Word Count
41
George Dunlop
Well, Senator, as I mentioned, one -- there was an article in a well-known Russian journal recently which calculated that $4 billion a year is being spent on the conflict. Much of this is presumably off the books -- magic, if you want -- but the money comes across. Pavel Felgenhauer, a leading Russian military journalist, a specialist in military affairs, also came up with the figure of about $4 billion a year, and that's just for the military operations. Obviously, if they try and restore anything in Chechnya, that's an additional expense. So given the annual budget you've cited, it's clear that an enormous sum of money, in Russian terms, is going for this war, more than -- as the journalist I cited remarked, more than is being used to pay for the budgets of Moscow and Petersburg.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.38462
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.38462
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.74721
VADER
0.686
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0348904141
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0241754518
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0096637807
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0067586705
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0062196945
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0006839697
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0005120424
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0001425741
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.42374E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
7.89339E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.27407E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
44.9
Gunning-Fog Score
16.5
Coleman-Liau Index
10.9
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
6
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
40
Sprache Difficult Word Count
42
Paul Goble
Senator, as you have been one of the pioneers in costing out what the real expenses are in Russian budgets and Soviet budgets so that we'd have some basis for knowing about aid, so you know that translate -- if you talk about the replacement cost -- in other words, what it would cost us to do the same thing -- the fact is that the number is several orders of magnitude, really, bigger than this. I think I'd like to address the morale issue. This week, it was reported that there are currently 5,000 Russian soldiers deserting every year, of whom about 80 percent are deserting from the North Caucasus military district. Prime Minister Kasyanov said last Friday that the brutalization of young men in the military --
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.1431
VADER
-0.077
Neutral
Moderation
Violence
0.089618843
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.045073434
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0326311623
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0172001848
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0050307244
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0015865999
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.001024677
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
4.96549E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
2.19848E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.2722E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
5.512E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
47.3
Gunning-Fog Score
17.4
Coleman-Liau Index
10.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
33
Sprache Difficult Word Count
35
Joe Biden
Hazing.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Sexual
0.0300545275
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0081979182
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0052454619
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0052362408
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0016849419
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0015034308
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0008438711
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001824361
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001017252
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.25624E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
9.8492E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
36.6
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
7.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
0.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Paul Goble
But it's worse than hazing. This is not fraternity house stuff. This is beating people to the point of killing them -- I suppose there are fraternities where that happens, too, but never mind -- is increasing to the point that, and along ethnic lines, that the army is doing the same thing it did in Soviet times, which is radicalizing the non-Russians rather than integrating them, which is what the expectation was. In addition, because the soldiers are often not paid -- one of the ways you get your budget down there is not to pay them. So what happens? The military sells weapons. It sells equipment. The Chechens were proud for a while on their Websites to tell you how many bottles of vodka it took to get a tank. And they figured that when it got down to one bottle of vodka for one tank, the Russians would go home, but it never got below two. So we're getting there, but not quite. This is having enormous morale problems. This is not a war the military wanted; this was a war the military got sucked into. The commanders were very unhappy about it. This was an FSB forced conflict in 1994 and again now. It was not what the army wanted. Armies do not like this kind of fighting. And one of the reasons there was the discussion by Nemstov and others about stopping at the Tarik, is that is when you stop before you get in the mountains. It is really easy to fight in the lowlands if you are an organized military force. You go into the mountains, you start taking casualties big time, and that is where they are, and they are not happy either. The army would be thrilled to be pulled out, and that is something which has an effect on the ability of the Moscow political leadership to use the Russian military for other things.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.23077
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.43532
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.15028
VADER
-0.982
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
3.1549006701
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.6749188062
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.6652059034
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0235391781
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0108935652
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0049254813
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0013318652
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0008595273
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0006771989
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0006325731
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
4.6837E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
71.7
Gunning-Fog Score
9.5
Coleman-Liau Index
9.1
SMOG Index
9.8
Automated Readability Index
6.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.4
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
53
Sprache Difficult Word Count
59
Dr Balzer
Let me add a footnote on morale and also on the draft. A lot of the republics, especially as the first cycle of the 1990's Chechnya war got started, said they weren't going to send their sons. Part of the points of contention with the center was that republics drafted laws saying, "Our folks aren't going to go there. We don't want to fight our non- Russian brethren, to fight the Chechen people." In the small Republic of Tyva, it was worded slightly differently. They said, "We need all of our sons to help police our serious criminal activity in our own republic."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.94591
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.63599
VADER
-0.798
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0183104319
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0169782696
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0057892023
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0032608375
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0022804063
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001989266
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001642414
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0001284746
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.29973E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
9.5517E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.2838E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
69.5
Gunning-Fog Score
10.4
Coleman-Liau Index
9.4
SMOG Index
11
Automated Readability Index
7.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.1
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
30
Dr Solnick
If I could just add to that, I think Paul's comment may have left the impression that the Soviet Army was a brutal, hazing, violent institution that then got better and is now getting worse again.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.58779
VADER
-0.807
Very Negative
Moderation
Sexual
0.0501437346
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0020147054
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0020100209
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0017412522
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0011843591
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005938557
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003038239
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0002474769
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001781683
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0001409404
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.8077E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
45.7
Gunning-Fog Score
17.7
Coleman-Liau Index
9.7
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
8
Sprache Difficult Word Count
11
Paul Goble
No, it has continued to be bad, but it has perhaps gotten worse in the North Caucasus.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.60944
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.51083
VADER
-0.791
Very Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.024893423
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0132493762
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0123625068
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0099162942
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0063799074
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0054892622
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0048102553
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0032364896
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0010315885
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0002159923
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
7.7556E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
75.1
Gunning-Fog Score
9.2
Coleman-Liau Index
7.4
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
5.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.6
Sprache Readability Score
3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
3
Sprache Difficult Word Count
4
Dr Solnick
Yes, I want to emphasize that. Just to put this in scale, this became an issue in the Soviet times during the Afghan war, and we're seeing a lot of the same syndromes now. In the late 1980's, there were on the order of 10 to 20 non-combat deaths -- and this is a conservative estimate -- in the Soviet Army every day. These are people being beaten to death within brigades. These are people killing themselves to avoid being beaten to death. It's ethnic conflict. It's generational conflict. It's senior officers beating up young recruits. Now they are professional soldiers and conscripts who are violent toward each other. The morale is horrific in the Russian Army, and Chechnya is making it worse, not only because there doesn't seem to be a lot of regard for the lives of Russian soldiers there, but as the New York Times reported a couple of weeks ago, there seems to be an active trade in Russian soldiers themselves bartered from the army to the Chechens and then bought back by their mothers in some cases.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.3979
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.65393
VADER
-0.947
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.8207499981
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.1452123513
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.1029763254
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0650327653
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0116335148
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0046574223
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0031618449
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.002331611
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0007083504
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001306745
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001083074
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
64.6
Gunning-Fog Score
10.6
Coleman-Liau Index
10.1
SMOG Index
10.9
Automated Readability Index
8.4
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
41
Sprache Difficult Word Count
49
Richard Lugar
Let me ask another line of questioning now. This one is based upon President Putin's comment the other day. There was an anti-NATO expansion expression, for example, but he really broadened that to say that, essentially, NATO is trying to exclude Russia, and is trying to have something less than Europe whole and free. This begs the question again and again, should Russia ever become a member of NATO. Under the circumstances we're discussing today, probably not, because the eligibility criteria really wouldn't permit that. Taking a more friendly view down the trail, however, clearly we're going to be discussing in this country as well as with our European friends, the Baltic States and their inclusion in NATO next year. The argument will be, once again, that this would antagonize Russia and make it unstable. On the other hand, leaving aside the Russian attitude, what would it take or what criteria are there for Russia to become a member so that they don't feel that anybody is carving up their territory and that, as a matter of fact, we want them. As historians of Russia, is this simply inconceivable. The cultural traditions, the institutions that are there don't really permit a realistic appraisal of Russian membership.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.6
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0.954
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.3265364328
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0142532124
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0066863839
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0049433533
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0035082954
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0016838014
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0005151718
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.71992E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.52972E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.7473E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.3549E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
48.9
Gunning-Fog Score
14.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.3
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
56
Sprache Difficult Word Count
59
Paul Goble
Senator, it's worth noting, the next sentence in Mr. Putin's comment about NATO. He said, "We had hoped that the OSCE would become the basis for a pan-European security arrangement in place of NATO, but the OSCE has turned into nothing more than a venue for criticizing us and criticizing our central Asian friends." If Russia wants to live by the rules of an organization, it can join. The tragedy is that Russia has insisted that it doesn't have to follow the rules in order to get in, and that's been true at the Council of Europe, that's been true a whole lot of times. The Russians have said, "We're important. And besides, if you don't take us in, we'll be unhappy."
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.19722
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.07692
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.1431
VADER
0.329
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.0617882528
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0390369154
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0092772469
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0035803962
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0024295536
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0012304508
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0009120928
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
5.77414E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
3.86977E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
3.51961E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.2943E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
72.1
Gunning-Fog Score
10
Coleman-Liau Index
9.1
SMOG Index
10.4
Automated Readability Index
7.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.7
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
30
Sprache Difficult Word Count
28
Dr Solnick
I must confess, when I think about this, I find it as close to an intractable problem as one can find, and I'm reminded -- during the NATO bombings of Kosovo, when Russia objected and said, "You have been saying that NATO is not an offensive force, and here you are using it in an offensive manner," the American response at the time -- or the NATO response at the time was, "Well, yes, but this is a European matter. You need not fear, we would never intervene in a case that is clearly within your sphere of influence. For instance, let us say, Chechnya. That would be off limits." So I think it's just an illustration of the sort of constraints on American policy that would come along with conceding of that enlargement of NATO.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-2.56495
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.29412
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.29412
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.57054
VADER
0.672
Very Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.2972072223
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0833740574
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0220264395
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0109680601
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0022765429
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0014948229
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.001489187
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001786986
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.000128363
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.88381E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.34932E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
56.5
Gunning-Fog Score
14.6
Coleman-Liau Index
9.2
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.8
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
38
Sprache Difficult Word Count
32
George Dunlop
I would add that I think that the Russia we see today isn't inevitably the Russia that would have emerged from the early 1990's from the independence of Russia. I personally think it's a tragedy what's happened. But I think that Mr. Putin is a person who is capable of instituting change if he feels that it's to his advantage and that of the country. That is, I believe he could be induced to recognize international law. But very heavy pressure has to be brought to bear on him. On the otherhand, to give way to what he's doing, to countenance it, is entirely the wrong approach, in my opinion.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.5
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.8473
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.11111
Leans Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.20067
VADER
-0.769
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.1542683924
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0218541914
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0125743201
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0092491216
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0044485289
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0006006495
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003817197
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.1327E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
6.5847E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.8161E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.0669E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.4
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
70.1
Gunning-Fog Score
11.4
Coleman-Liau Index
9.1
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
6.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.4
Sprache Readability Score
4.7
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
25
Sprache Difficult Word Count
26
Richard Lugar
Maybe such as our giving criteria, one of which would be to stop the war in Chechnya.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-1
Very Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-1.09861
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.572
Very Negative
Moderation
Harassment
1.2812682427
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0474678905
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0444998615
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0408100721
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0150582186
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0023535285
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0006416223
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004103878
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0003667971
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.000128826
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
3.05754E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
70.1
Gunning-Fog Score
9.2
Coleman-Liau Index
7.4
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
5.6
Dale-Chall Readability Score
2.7
Sprache Readability Score
3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
2
Sprache Difficult Word Count
3
George Dunlop
Exactly.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
0
Neutral
Moderation
Hate
0.0938859943
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.059525104
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0310792355
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0273750629
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0168330793
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0082562801
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0024813087
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0021848518
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0018592946
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0011281436
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
0.0004859638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
0
Gunning-Fog Score
0.4
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
12
Dale-Chall Readability Score
10
Sprache Readability Score
0.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
1
Sprache Difficult Word Count
1
Richard Lugar
Or stop brutalizing people or -- in other words, you may be right that he's effectively a good leader. But without the right guidelines, they're unlikely to get to the right conclusions.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0.33333
Somewhat Positive
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.42857
Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.78846
VADER
-0.202
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Harassment
0.065437943
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0051555657
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0039253689
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0017177428
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013738465
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0008521133
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001688613
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
7.07747E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
4.05433E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
8.7485E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
4.1479E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
8.3
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
62.8
Gunning-Fog Score
12.7
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
8.7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
3.3
Sprache Readability Score
3.1
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
5
Sprache Difficult Word Count
7
George Dunlop
Right, and that's why I supported Senator Helms' concurrent resolution.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.94591
VADER
0.318
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence > Graphic
0.0114970971
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.009406692
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0061996318
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0045705376
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0004360234
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003733423
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.00035141
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002497052
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001030051
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
2.87033E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.4975E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
10.7
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
35.9
Gunning-Fog Score
16
Coleman-Liau Index
12
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
8.4
Sprache Readability Score
2.3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
5
Sprache Difficult Word Count
5
Richard Lugar
Thank you.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
1.09861
VADER
0.361
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Violence
0.1056829351
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0258569344
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0246623822
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0087236396
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0080538637
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0013486073
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
0.0005251082
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0003973949
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
5.728E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
2.15987E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
9.3305E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
0
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
100
Gunning-Fog Score
0.8
Coleman-Liau Index
7.6
SMOG Index
3.3
Automated Readability Index
0
Dale-Chall Readability Score
0.1
Sprache Readability Score
0.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
0
Sprache Difficult Word Count
0
Joe Biden
Let me followup with a couple of questions, and anybody on the panel here as well as my colleagues can please interrupt.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.33333
Somewhat Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.51083
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.2
Slightly Negative
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.33647
VADER
0.25
Slightly Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.0483553973
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0026288433
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0016978831
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0015181353
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0001715199
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
6.46615E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
3.99659E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
1.07312E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
3.6319E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
8.666E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
1.127E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
11.8
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
49.9
Gunning-Fog Score
17.9
Coleman-Liau Index
10.2
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
10.3
Dale-Chall Readability Score
4.7
Sprache Readability Score
3.9
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
5
Sprache Difficult Word Count
7
Joe Biden
Assume for the moment that Chechnya, by whatever means, achieves its independence. Chechnya's off the table. Is the Russian Federation, as presently in place, capable of being governed? I look at the way in which it came about after the demise of the Soviet Union and think to myself, as a student of government, how, in God's name, could you possibly govern under the set of relationships that exists among the various republics, autonomous regions, and the central government, even on something as simple as taxes? I mean if you sit down, as a political scientist, and try to figure out how you're going to make this country work, this Federation work, is it possible?
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0.4
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0.4
Somewhat Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0.76214
VADER
0.484
Positive
Moderation
Sexual
0.0764407043
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0639266626
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0091293638
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0052277541
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0043513719
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0019658655
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0009813252
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0005821158
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0002197134
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
3.24195E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
5.69E-8
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
12
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
48.1
Gunning-Fog Score
14.4
Coleman-Liau Index
11.5
SMOG Index
12
Automated Readability Index
11.9
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5
Sprache Readability Score
5
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
28
Sprache Difficult Word Count
36
Paul Goble
Senator, if you are saying, can a country move along and make compromises and constantly have to adjust itself, Russia should be capable of doing that. If --
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
1
Very Positive
Harvard-IV (Logit)
2.19722
VADER
0.382
Somewhat Positive
Moderation
Harassment
0.006242637
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.0031805946
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence
0.0028985367
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.0018889699
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0005275145
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0003394209
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.0001965285
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
0.0001681658
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0001277775
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.30491E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
4.159E-7
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
7.6
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
64.7
Gunning-Fog Score
9.8
Coleman-Liau Index
11.2
SMOG Index
11.3
Automated Readability Index
7
Dale-Chall Readability Score
5.3
Sprache Readability Score
3
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
8
Sprache Difficult Word Count
9
Joe Biden
No, that's not what I'm saying. I'm saying, as the Federation is presently --
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
0
Harvard-IV (Relative)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
0
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
0
VADER
-0.296
Slightly Negative
Moderation
Violence
0.0600052066
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment
0.0446888997
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual
0.036743519
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Violence > Graphic
0.014498923
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Harassment > Threatening
0.0077103599
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate
0.0020979036
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Sexual > Minors
0.000507047
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm
0.0001144623
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Hate > Threatening
2.38717E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Intent
1.76284E-5
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Self-Harm > Instructions
1.7769E-6
OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)
Readability
Flesch-Kincaid Grade
5.1
Flesch-Kincaid Ease
70.1
Gunning-Fog Score
5.7
Coleman-Liau Index
9.5
SMOG Index
9
Automated Readability Index
2.1
Dale-Chall Readability Score
7.6
Sprache Readability Score
1.8
Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score
6
Sprache Difficult Word Count
4
Paul Goble
I would suggest that -- when we say "as presently," I don't think there's one thing there. There are a bunch of different arrangements, and this is a country that Putin is trying to have one arrangement for. The great French Sovietologist Alain Besancon once said that Russia's tragedy is that it was three empires, not one, and that it had to govern them all in the same way. It was an Austro-Hungarian in the west, it was an overseas empire in central Asia, and it was like the American empire in the east, in the Aboriginal populations in Siberia. If you govern them all the same way, you create one kind of political tension. If you govern them differently, you create another kind of political tension. But that does not mean that it is not possible to have a complex way. I believe that the stronger the regions are, the stronger Russia can become. Putin, unfortunately, I think, believes the weaker the regions are is the only way for the future. I think he's wrong, and I think trying to take power back from the regions, which he's trying to do, is going to create political instability. I don't think there is a snapshot. That's what I'm trying to say.
Sentiment
Loughran McDonald (Relative)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Absolute)
-0.25
Slightly Negative
Loughran McDonald (Logit)
-0.45199
Harvard-IV (Relative)
-0.08333
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Absolute)
-0.08333
Neutral
Harvard-IV (Logit)
-0.16034
VADER
-0.641