Joe Biden

The hearing will come to order. I apologize for being late, and I, quite frankly, should have had Senator Lugar start the hearing. I was on an Amtrak train that was delayed 25 minutes. But lest you think Amtrak's in trouble, just think of every time you fly. All you've got to do is think about flying, and then you'll feel better about Amtrak.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.25131

VADER

-0.077

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

5.2036911249

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.3776220605

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.3014244139

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.1523113111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0494320004

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0283201865

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0007386865

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000713095

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005351643

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.53314E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

8.8343E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

5.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

81.5

Gunning-Fog Score

6.4

Coleman-Liau Index

8.7

SMOG Index

7.7

Automated Readability Index

4.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.3

Sprache Readability Score

3.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Joe Biden

I'm going to put my statement in the record and I would just like to suggest that there's three key points I'm interested in. One is, despite some of the rhetoric surrounding the Nuclear Posture Review [NPR], it seems to me that it affirms more existing policy than it does break new ground. And, second, is that the NPR's conclusions -- the concern I have is that they threatened -- may threaten to lead the resumption of U.S. nuclear testing that could unravel nuclear nonproliferation regimes. And the third concern I have is the development of new nuclear weapons, including low-yield earth penetraters that could blur the traditional firewall between the conventional and nuclear weapons and, hence, make nuclear war more likely. They're things that I'm going to want to speak to with our witnesses.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.45199

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.869

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.7839052938

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0523743976

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0419699529

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0082074614

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0081076891

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0063693849

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0030361767

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0018339622

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0014455562

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.66104E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

4.58504E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

62.4

Gunning-Fog Score

12.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.6

Automated Readability Index

10.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

40

Sprache Difficult Word Count

39

Joe Biden

I'd ask unanimous consent that my entire statement be placed in the record.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.226

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0770922168

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0053746684

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0014101325

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0012601009

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0010749808

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0008786827

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0006753389

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003952126

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.87485E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.13209E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.8845E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

63.5

Gunning-Fog Score

8.3

Coleman-Liau Index

11.8

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

7.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.9

Sprache Readability Score

2.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

6

Sprache Difficult Word Count

7

Note

[The prepared statement of Senator Biden follows:] Prepared Statement of Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Today the Senate Foreign Relations Committee holds a rather unusual hearing, one in which the subject is a Department of Defense document. The reason is that, especially in the realm of strategic policy, decisions regarding the structure and possible use of our nuclear arsenal are fraught with foreign policy implications.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.20067

VADER

0.34

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0188481965

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.005387194

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0035264926

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0027625145

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0023631183

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0010633521

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.000277568

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001507633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.000122471

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.30632E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.42647E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

34.6

Gunning-Fog Score

13.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

26

Sprache Difficult Word Count

30

Joe Biden

For 57 years, the strategic and foreign policies of the United States have been crafted in the shadow of the bomb. The overwhelming challenge has been to deter our enemies from attacking us or our allies, while also avoiding a conflict in which many millions of innocent people -- indeed, whole societies -- could perish.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.83333

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.83333

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-2.03688

VADER

-0.103

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1691378769

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0085206797

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0015415113

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0009658184

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0007182185

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002207143

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001310819

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.0002E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.49277E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.484E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.7159E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

44.3

Gunning-Fog Score

17.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Joe Biden

In the post-cold war era, our enemies and our fears have changed markedly. Today, a nuclear Armageddon is more likely to result from accident than from any intentional march to war. While the context has changed, however, our post-cold war strategic objectives remain the same: to deter others, but also to avoid a nuclear catastrophe.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.3979

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.43508

VADER

-0.965

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0286063994

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0033253778

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000900051

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005446022

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003715943

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001660713

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.13277E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.8253E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.51957E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

8.8566E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.3565E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.5

Gunning-Fog Score

12.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.1

Sprache Readability Score

4.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

15

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Joe Biden

The United States and Russia no longer control other countries' actions to the degree that we did during the cold war. As a result, our non-proliferation efforts have become an increasingly important element in our foreign policy. We can no longer be confident that a minor power with weapons of mass destruction will heed our advice not to use those weapons. So it becomes ever more important to prevent the spread of those weapons.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.20067

VADER

-0.887

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0090322152

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0018049117

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0004309412

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003872069

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001458842

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

7.37667E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.28553E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

4.2265E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.298E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.936E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.152E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.8

Gunning-Fog Score

11.8

Coleman-Liau Index

11.9

SMOG Index

11.8

Automated Readability Index

10.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

23

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

Joe Biden

Four months ago, the administration sent to the Congress -- and briefed to the media -- its Nuclear Posture Review, a classified, legislatively mandated document in which the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy set forth a strategy for the maintenance and possible use of our nuclear forces. In March, large portions of the Review were made public when they were leaked to the press. This document affords us a vital window into the thinking of our top defense officials on strategic policy.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.33647

VADER

0.586

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0149316533

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.012359253

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0049662649

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0006223902

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.000518665

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004747422

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004252667

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001002775

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.58971E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.00235E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.05996E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

36.1

Gunning-Fog Score

18.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

29

Joe Biden

The Nuclear Posture Review has prompted much public discussion in the last two months, and I have questions about it as well. My concerns may not always parallel those raised by the press. For example, I was not surprised to read that we would consider targeting countries other than Russia or China, or that we would maintain our traditional ambiguity on whether we might use nuclear weapons in response to an attack involving non-nuclear weapons of mass destruction. Those are actually long-standing U.S. policies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.05882

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.05882

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.11123

VADER

-0.895

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.010377937

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0014483062

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0012396178

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0008147304

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0002532435

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001923743

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001337554

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.31773E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.63082E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.5773E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.075E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

56

Gunning-Fog Score

12.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

8.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

27

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

Joe Biden

The Nuclear Posture Review did cause me some concern, however, for the following reasons: 1. It isn't forthright. This document was sent to the President and Congress, both of whom have vital national security functions. The authors ought to have made clear how much it ratifies existing policy -- on issues ranging from potential nuclear targets to the force reductions that the Pentagon supports -- and how little is really new. I worry that our defense officials may believe their rhetoric about putting the cold war and mutual deterrence behind us, when -- to me, at least -- the Nuclear Posture Review does not really do that. I think that much of the vaunted "new Triad" of forces is based on hypothetical capabilities that we may not achieve for decades. I worry that basing our strategic policy upon such a distant horizon may cause our defense officials to overlook short-term risks and opportunities. 2. It threatens to lead to new nuclear testing that would unravel the nuclear non-proliferation regime. That's because it opens the door to developing new nuclear weapons that would require such testing. If we were to test because we had discovered a fault in existing weapons that could only be cured through testing, the world would be upset -- but nuclear non- proliferation would survive. If we test to develop new weapons, however, the message will be that we value those weapons more than we do non-proliferation. And other countries will take their cue from us. 3. These new weapons could make nuclear war more likely -- thereby making us all less secure, rather than more so. Some of the new weapons discussed in the Nuclear Posture Review would be intended to reduce collateral damage or to strike deeply buried targets. While those are understandable objectives, such weapons could blur the distinction between conventional and nuclear war, making it more likely that we would "go nuclear" next time. One important way in which we have deterred the use of nuclear weapons for over half a century is by maintaining their character as weapons of mass destruction. We made it clear, both to our enemies and to ourselves, that once a nuclear response was undertaken or invited, all bets were off as to where it would end. The Nuclear Posture Review seems to flirt with changing that approach.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.25424

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.25424

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

-0.995

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0071938222

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.000843464

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0005028095

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004814523

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001617841

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001295041

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.84147E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.7482E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.7667E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.174E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.07E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.6

Gunning-Fog Score

13.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

110

Sprache Difficult Word Count

104

Joe Biden

Should we be the first country in two generations to use nuclear weapons? Would that lead others to use nuclear weapons as an "equalizer" to counter our conventional superiority? Would the war- fighting advantage that we gained from more usable nuclear weapons really justify destroying the firewall against nuclear war that we and the world have maintained since the end of World War II?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.375

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.375

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.7376

VADER

-0.971

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0369006622

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0244741212

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0053632815

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0050054576

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0032250289

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0028294911

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.000560852

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001329681

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001221629

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.0674E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.5706E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

46.4

Gunning-Fog Score

14.8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.3

Sprache Readability Score

4.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Joe Biden

To me, treating nuclear weapons as a handy military tool, rather than as weapons of retaliation or last resort, seems profoundly unwise.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.60944

VADER

-0.7

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0466800004

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0052892927

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0043125972

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005082501

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002380401

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001545891

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001530903

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.73E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.4878E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.3551E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.04E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

34.5

Gunning-Fog Score

14.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

11

Joe Biden

That is why I have convened a group of truly esteemed witnesses to help us understand the Nuclear Posture Review and its implications for our strategic and foreign policy.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.58779

VADER

0.818

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2738309093

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0610142422

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0127834603

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0033311517

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0021997101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.50125E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

7.0493E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

5.285E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.99E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.66E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.08E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

43.2

Gunning-Fog Score

17.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Joe Biden

We certainly have witnesses of great experience and wisdom today, and I am delighted to welcome all of you.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.19722

VADER

0.945

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0821147929

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0044235108

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0014879093

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0011934238

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003964637

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003622846

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000234795

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.89702E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.3797E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.101E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.297E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

58.4

Gunning-Fog Score

13.9

Coleman-Liau Index

11.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.3

Sprache Readability Score

3.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

6

Joe Biden

Our first panel will feature two of the most important strategic thinkers of our day. Admiral Bill Owens, retired Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, gave us the "revolution in military affairs" that brought information-age technology onto the battlefield. From the gulf war to Bosnia and Kosovo, and most recently in Afghanistan, we have seen new vistas in the use of precision-targeted military force. Admiral Owens -- who now is co-CEO of Teledesic -- will speak both as a war-fighter and as one who has looked carefully at the future of war.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.06667

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.06667

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.12516

VADER

-0.641

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.938775111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0474708766

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0183582102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0166338432

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0137692434

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0044757067

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0036030022

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0024131106

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0024079751

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002916685

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.85254E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.5

Gunning-Fog Score

15.4

Coleman-Liau Index

11.3

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

37

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Joe Biden

Dr. John Foster, former Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, served also as Director of Defense Research and Engineering. In recent years, he has headed important expert panels on the state of our nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Program and on our readiness to resume nuclear testing. His recommendations have prompted political debate, and I hope he will explain to us what an increased test readiness program can realistically achieve, why we need it, and why, in his view, it is nothing to be feared.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

0.873

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.8137791902

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.2009122632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0296797749

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.019293795

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.008064977

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0017072076

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0012758555

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0009409718

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0009001325

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0006243061

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.21178E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.5

Gunning-Fog Score

11.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

36

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Joe Biden

Our second panel will begin with a most distinguished scientist, Professor Steven Weinberg of the University of Texas. In 1979, Professor Weinberg won the Nobel Prize in physics. Throughout his career, he has combined cutting-edge work with an ability to explain modern science to the rest of us. His books The First Three Minutes and Dreams of a Final Theory have been best-sellers.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.29928

VADER

0.9

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.7665047888

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.2657811623

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1137727406

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0534144521

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0268044183

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0094032308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0011419371

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0006351113

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0003111484

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001918097

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000176981

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

61.5

Gunning-Fog Score

7.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

22

Sprache Difficult Word Count

20

Joe Biden

Professor Weinberg has also dealt before with the military and policy implications of modern physics. He is a former member of Jason, and he was at one time a consultant to the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Sexual

0.0246459502

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.00700807

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0035505425

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0032392905

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0012536606

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004768808

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001755227

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

6.56979E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.56958E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.60028E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.56666E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.9

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.7

SMOG Index

10.8

Automated Readability Index

4.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.2

Sprache Readability Score

3.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Joe Biden

The second witness on our second panel will be Dr. Loren Thompson, chief operating officer of the Lexington Institute. Dr. Thompson wrote an interesting piece recently for the Wall Street Journal, in which he argued essentially that critics of the Nuclear Posture Review should calm down, because all the proposals in it were really aimed at buttressing nuclear deterrence. I look forward to any reassurance he can provide.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0.422

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0091082853

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0051888397

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0043604396

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.002995367

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0004365922

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002331679

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

8.91551E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.42726E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.26926E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.5862E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.84E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.4

Gunning-Fog Score

11.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.5

Sprache Readability Score

4.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

25

Sprache Difficult Word Count

29

Joe Biden

Our final witness will be Joseph Cirincione, director of the Non- Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Mr. Cirincione is a man of many talents who has been a frequent witness before this committee and who was once a staff member of the House Armed Services Committee. He specializes in the nexus between military and foreign policy, and we will count on him to draw together the many points of view that will be expressed this morning.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.758

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.049184612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0061546103

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0054300497

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013846136

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0010944656

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0010466829

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000271789

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002568912

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001854671

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.6263E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.41095E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

46.9

Gunning-Fog Score

12

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

26

Sprache Difficult Word Count

27

Joe Biden

I understand that Dr. Foster will have to leave early, so after Senator Lugar makes his opening statement, I turn the floor over to Dr. Foster and then Admiral Owens. Following their presentations, I hope we can focus our initial questions on Dr. Foster so as to get the maximum benefit from his presence today.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.20067

VADER

0.791

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.6656037178

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0039855935

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0030784257

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0025658548

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0009765632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004105988

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001181943

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

2.70942E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.96821E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.4688E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.9994E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

60.3

Gunning-Fog Score

10.2

Coleman-Liau Index

10.8

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

5.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.7

Sprache Readability Score

3.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Note

[The prepared statement submitted by Senator Feingold follows:] Prepared Statement of Senator Russell D. Feingold Mr. Chairman, thank you for calling this hearing. The congressionally-mandated Nuclear Posture Review gives us an opportunity to rethink the role of nuclear weapons in our overall strategic framework.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.94591

VADER

0.511

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.343861361

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0202510637

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0123911261

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0115952833

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0035443147

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0013280336

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004798923

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001202813

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000118489

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.74988E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.26971E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

39.7

Gunning-Fog Score

10.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.8

Automated Readability Index

9.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.1

Sprache Readability Score

3.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Joe Biden

The horrific events of September 11 brought into sharp focus that the threats of the 21st century are far different from the threats of the last century. During the 20th century, our adversaries were easily named and contained within defined national borders. The forces that our men and women in uniform are currently fighting belong to mobile, well-financed terrorist cells that do not have a centralized structure and exist in the shadows around the world, and even in our own country. This new kind of enemy challenges our conception of traditional warfare and demands a different kind of response, and a different strategic framework.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.26316

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.26316

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.51083

VADER

-0.978

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.7465400733

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0495089102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0364609703

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0107389082

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0079753205

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.003204916

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0030500369

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0009534883

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001219471

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.33156E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.51148E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

41.6

Gunning-Fog Score

18.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

36

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Joe Biden

I am concerned that the Nuclear Posture Review we will discuss today does not adequately address emerging threats. We must ensure that we adopt the best approach for the 21st century.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.25131

VADER

0.691

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.078277092

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0094744079

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0033977736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0014707334

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0012187991

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0011890478

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0010118694

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002448523

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.55994E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.43353E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.9009E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

62.8

Gunning-Fog Score

10.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.4

Sprache Readability Score

3.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Joe Biden

I welcome the President's announcement of a preliminary agreement between the United States and Russia to reduce the nuclear weapons stockpiles of the two countries. And I am pleased that this important agreement will be contained in a binding treaty rather than in a less formal agreement between the two Presidents. I urge the administration to include provisions regarding destruction of these deadly weapons and verification of such destruction in the treaty before sending it to the Senate. Only by dismantling and destroying these weapons can we truly achieve the goal of meaningful nuclear arms reduction. As a member of this committee, I look forward to reviewing the provisions of this treaty when it is submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.61905

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.61905

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.35812

VADER

0.057

Neutral

Moderation

Sexual

0.073926925

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0433386216

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.034006036

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0026171541

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0025742615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.001934246

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0011371565

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002135288

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.36394E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.2006E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.6935E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.4

Gunning-Fog Score

16.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

44

Sprache Difficult Word Count

44

Joe Biden

While I applaud these reductions, I remain concerned that the overall theme of the Nuclear Posture Review seems to point to increased reliance on nuclear weapons. I am particularly concerned about proposals for so-called "mini-nukes," which could be fired at smaller targets or be used to penetrate bunkers buried deep beneath the Earth's surface.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.42857

Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.42857

Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.78846

VADER

-0.34

Somewhat Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.51334952

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.071435608

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0138997886

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0126092738

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.010958191

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0106450796

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0015058918

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006502611

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.65258E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.90739E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.29995E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

44

Gunning-Fog Score

16.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

22

Sprache Difficult Word Count

27

Joe Biden

The United States should not be in the business of making nuclear weapons the preferred alternative on the battlefield. Nuclear weapons loom as the weapon of last resort. Mini-nukes threaten to dangerously blur the line between conventional and nuclear warfare by potentially lowering the threshold for a decision to use these devastating weapons. By developing mini-nukes, the United States could well launch another arms race as other countries seek to match or exceed our new capabilities. And we should consider the possible negative health effects that such weapons could have on our men and women in uniform, who would be forced to serve in an environment polluted by nuclear radiation.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.15789

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.15789

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.30228

VADER

-0.985

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.3393665887

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.049099687

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0476755784

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0169856678

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.010264606

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0086866574

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0015571612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0012686995

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002034127

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.73206E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.03201E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.8

Gunning-Fog Score

15.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

37

Sprache Difficult Word Count

40

Joe Biden

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2755407011

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0991896959

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0228142468

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0105753388

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0068739791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0051587333

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0046727706

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001160994

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

6.74411E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.47986E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.2818E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

99.1

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

And I yield to the Senator from Indiana, Senator Lugar.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

1.5168882906

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1123615308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0466349506

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0299939886

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0204961936

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0017346427

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008213357

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004151572

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001823866

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001318462

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.92842E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

44.4

Gunning-Fog Score

4

Coleman-Liau Index

10.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

4.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.4

Sprache Readability Score

2.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

5

Sprache Difficult Word Count

4

Richard Lugar

Thank you, Mr. Chairman..

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.4254448712

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1042321906

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0807349337

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0174337751

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0098077799

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0050115374

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0048556565

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006189654

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.03551E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.20889E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.4853E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

99.1

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Richard Lugar

Mr. Chairman, the strategic environment during the cold war was characterized by high-risk but low- probability of ballistic-missile exchanges in the use of weapons of mass destruction. Today, however, is the opposite case. We live in a lower-risk but higher-probability environment with respect to ballistic-missile exchanges and the use of weapons of mass destruction.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.45199

VADER

-0.963

Very Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0246401469

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0069092108

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.003485147

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0032251271

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0012387185

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004689975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001715652

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

6.50333E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.44715E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.54045E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.52797E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.7

Gunning-Fog Score

15.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

3.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

22

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Richard Lugar

Whereas, previous strategic calculations assumed almost limitless offensive nuclear weapons systems but more or less rational actors, experiences with Saddam Hussein, Osama bin Laden, and others make this assumption less plausible today. President Bush has correctly pointed out that the cold war nuclear strategy is not appropriate for the current threat environment. While nuclear weapons will continue to play a role in United States defense policies, they will not be our primary form of deterrence. We must continue to move the world, while we exercise necessary care and prudence, away from nuclear- dependent deterrence.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.26316

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.26316

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

-0.697

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0385478139

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0274186081

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0097965916

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0057031564

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0038252598

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0014168915

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005901306

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004731756

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.48644E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.32181E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.1907E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

30

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

43

Sprache Difficult Word Count

42

Richard Lugar

I agree with the Nuclear Posture Review's conclusion that, "The United States will no longer plan, size, or sustain its forces as though Russia presented a smaller version of the threat posed by the former Soviet Union." Instead, we must configure a force to deter a number of different threats emanating from many sources. Our nuclear triad must undertake the same metamorphosis as our conventional forces. We must be lighter, quicker, more able to adapt to the changing environment which characterizes the post-cold war era. By moving to a smaller nuclear-force posture, we must have a very high level of confidence in the safety and security of our stockpile. The safe maintenance and storage of these weapons is of the utmost concern. We cannot allow them to fall into disrepair or permit their safety to falter. As our force shrinks, this reliability must grow if we are to maintain full confidence in our nuclear deterrence.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.57143

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.57143

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.18958

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.07692

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.07692

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.14842

VADER

0.768

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0320760621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0097763215

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0089013927

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0043311891

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0015198083

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0008297518

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003054914

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.22372E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.48057E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.3142E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.988E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.4

Gunning-Fog Score

12.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

57

Sprache Difficult Word Count

55

Richard Lugar

On Monday, President Bush announced that the United States and Russia had reached an agreement to lower the number of deployed warheads to between 1,700 and 2,200. And the treaty will be signed on May 24 during the United States-Russia summit. I believe this treaty marks the step toward a safer world. I plan to work closely with Chairman Biden and Senator Helms in seeking a swift ratification of this important milestone. I understand the administration tends to submit the treaty to the Senate promptly, and I've proposed, respectfully, Mr. Chairman, that the committee aim to report the treaty to the floor in an expeditious manner so that ratification might occur prior to adjournment this year.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.83333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.83333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.03688

VADER

0.927

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0104677951

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.009873711

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0061564715

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.005982491

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0045092478

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0028313889

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002066033

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001833077

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.59247E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.30247E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.17247E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57.3

Gunning-Fog Score

12

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

44

Sprache Difficult Word Count

43

Richard Lugar

Senate ratification before the end of the year will show leadership on this important matter. The Russian Duma and the world will be watching and studying our enthusiasm and our commitment to securing ratification. This agreement is an important achievement, but the agreement and others like it are only successful if they are fully implemented by both sides. Only then will the security and stability we seek be enhanced.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

2.56495

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.76471

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.76471

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.82455

VADER

0.971

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0204934782

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0157465984

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0079372185

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0026579135

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.000888357

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001989999

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

5.86407E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.68794E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.3205E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

4.029E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.309E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

43.4

Gunning-Fog Score

15.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

19

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Richard Lugar

Unfortunately, the benefits of the treaty are not assured. Russia cannot afford to dismantle their weapons system through resources currently available. The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program is the means by which the United States assists Russia in meeting its dismantlement obligations under the START I Treaty. The need for dismantlement and assistance will continue.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.57143

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.57143

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.18958

VADER

-0.578

Very Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0176839196

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0145017038

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0072839612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0016201713

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0011344162

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006421108

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

8.68342E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.47215E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.3381E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.71428E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.7952E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

37

Gunning-Fog Score

12.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

4.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

26

Sprache Difficult Word Count

26

Richard Lugar

Under the START I Treaty, the former Soviet Union identified 13,300 offensive warheads. To date, Nunn-Lugar has deactivated 5,896 of these weapons. In addition, the program has destroyed 1,200 missiles, more than 900 missile launchers, 100 long-range bombers, and 22 missile submarines. As important as the crucial role that the legislation has played in implementing the recently announced treaty, some in Congress continue to drag their feet in giving the President the power to carry out these efforts. Each year, the administration is required to certify that Russia is committed to arms control goals. Complete Russian accountability and transparency in the chemical and biological arenas have been lacking. As a result, the administration has now requested a waiver from that certification as a part of the current supplemental appropriation legislation. In the meantime, although existing programs may continue, no new activities to dismantle or destroy weapons of mass destruction can be started and no new contracts can be finalized.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.29412

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.29412

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.57054

VADER

-0.95

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0984144863

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0041810705

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0014084929

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0011876028

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005217821

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001359246

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.23843E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.383E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.1579E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.9327E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.7844E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

43.1

Gunning-Fog Score

15.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

67

Sprache Difficult Word Count

66

Richard Lugar

Some in Congress oppose granting the President a permanent waiver authority in order to implement Nunn-Lugar, but, absent congressional passage of a waiver, Russian treaty implementation will lag far behind, and our common security goals will be in jeopardy. As President Bush is concluding and signing a treaty with Russia to take nuclear weapon levels down to near 2,000, some in Congress are actively working to stymie the efforts to ensure timely and complete dismantlement of those same Russian weapons stockpiles.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.63599

VADER

-0.565

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0275365746

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0149312822

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0075708493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0006623538

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0006543413

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003422844

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003260661

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002915662

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002301696

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.45413E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.36365E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

23

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

37

Sprache Difficult Word Count

37

Richard Lugar

In sum, I believe the No. 1 national-security threat facing the United States is the nexus of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and there is little doubt that Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda would have used weapons of mass destruction on September 11 if they had possessed them. It's equally clear they made an effort to obtain them. This treaty, although not a silver bullet to the threats that confront us, is a tremendous step forward in meeting our obligations under the nonproliferation treaty and reduces the chances of nuclear war.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.71429

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.71429

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.46634

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.1

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.1

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.19106

VADER

-0.98

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1146984636

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0965847401

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0646330765

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0105725558

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0078882476

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0057002635

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0051959101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0028216928

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0015009425

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008104334

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002139222

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

51.6

Gunning-Fog Score

13.7

Coleman-Liau Index

11.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

31

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Richard Lugar

But equally important, Congress must provide the President with the authority to carry out, with the Russian's cooperation, the necessary destruction of weapons in Russia. Absent such action, our President and our Nation's good intentions will fail, because Congress refused to grant the President the authorization to see his and our goals through to conclusion.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.36772

VADER

-0.7

Very Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0184834949

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0071660099

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0068440684

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0014255918

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012723199

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0008345378

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002806707

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.04918E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.87107E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.2455E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.3553E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

34.3

Gunning-Fog Score

18.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Richard Lugar

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0375660573

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0372881477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0362970139

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0163139252

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0058720809

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.002825029

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0006037548

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001793615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.40087E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.43756E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.4383E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

99.1

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

Thank you. Senator Hagel, did you want to make --

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.422

Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0229698693

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0191874627

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0074203635

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0021308322

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0008683463

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006937375

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002741303

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002225657

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001429766

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.15411E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.556E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

1.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

89.5

Gunning-Fog Score

6.2

Coleman-Liau Index

7.7

SMOG Index

7.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.7

Sprache Readability Score

1.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Chuck Hagel

No, Mr. Chairman.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.296

Slightly Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1037568902

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0525755691

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0310195028

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0113428585

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0060783994

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0037886181

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0016797516

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0015623138

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003958456

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0003030195

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002414308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

92.5

Gunning-Fog Score

0.6

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

Let me just make two brief -- not responses, but points with regard to your efforts, Senator Lugar to enhance, not see diminished, the cooperative threat-reduction efforts, I just want you to know you have my full cooperation and, I think, of the vast majority of the Members of Congress.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

0.115

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence > Graphic

0.0130821936

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0061788618

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0045942266

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005118974

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004927285

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000234577

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001900078

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001557758

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.55014E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.70281E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.8846E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

29.2

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

11.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Joe Biden

Second, it is my intention, as I told the President yesterday when I saw him at the Police Memorial, to move on the treaty as rapidly -- as soon as it's submitted. In his usual folksy way -- he's a really engaging guy -- we walked up on the stage, walking by, and he said, "Well, it's a treaty, Biden, you owe me," or something to that effect.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.19722

VADER

0.581

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0271103432

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0024932493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0015263895

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0014901445

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002601485

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001695539

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.08937E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.48967E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.0074E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.88E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.49E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50.2

Gunning-Fog Score

17.9

Coleman-Liau Index

7.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Joe Biden

And so obviously, if I didn't move on it quickly, because, as you know, you and I were very straightforward about the need for there to be a treaty. But at any rate, so I assure you we will move that as rapidly as we possibly can.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.0347616791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0025386022

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0021544161

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0009343823

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003805624

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0002334476

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

4.45228E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.99679E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.86231E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.77392E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.6681E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

67.8

Gunning-Fog Score

12.8

Coleman-Liau Index

6.2

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

5

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

Joe Biden

Our first panel will feature two of the most important strategic thinkers of our day. Admiral Bill Owens, retired Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, gave us the, quote, "revolution of military affairs" that brought information-age technology into the making of war. For the gulf war, Bosnia, and Kosovo, and, most recently, Afghanistan, we've seen new vistas in the use of precision-target military force that I think Admiral Owens is most responsible for. He is now the co- CEO of Teledesic, which he will speak both as a warfighter and one who has looked carefully at the future of war.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.37949

VADER

-0.609

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2820075722

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0022480779

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0011707854

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0009813964

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.000655005

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.000624943

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001331733

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.83838E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.0653E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.489E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.16E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.7

Gunning-Fog Score

15.4

Coleman-Liau Index

11.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

37

Sprache Difficult Word Count

38

Joe Biden

And Dr. John Foster, a former Director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, served also as the Director of Defense Research and Engineering. In recent years, he's headed important expert panels on the state of our Nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Program and in our readiness to resume nuclear testing. Dr. Foster's recommendations have prompted a political debate, and I hope he'll expand on that and explain to us what an increased test-readiness program can realistically achieve and why we need it and why, in his view, there is nothing to be feared by such a test -- such a proposal.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

0.882

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1799668069

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0456759561

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0028413209

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0026293144

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0025372419

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0023887102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0008487913

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003170505

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001510965

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001430973

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.3991E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

47.1

Gunning-Fog Score

11.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

40

Sprache Difficult Word Count

40

Joe Biden

Dr. Foster, I understand you have a time constraint. Is that correct?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.210919301

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0113895607

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0105420215

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0064589185

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.006373474

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006650508

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000662055

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004141236

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.24954E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.3922E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.16E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

2.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

82.9

Gunning-Fog Score

4.9

Coleman-Liau Index

10.6

SMOG Index

6.6

Automated Readability Index

1.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.1

Sprache Readability Score

1.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

5

Serrin Foster

Yes, Mr. Chairman.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.402

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.5818681791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0063303465

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0033764132

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0029734043

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0024996487

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0009259498

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006216558

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004051374

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001603517

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001173107

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.64205E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

92.5

Gunning-Fog Score

0.6

Coleman-Liau Index

9.5

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

Admiral Owens, would you mind if we begin with Dr. Foster?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.318

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.3615565132

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0295819744

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.004927854

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0012492888

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0008380743

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004345588

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004209621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000188245

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.76598E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.37476E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.266E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

3.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

78.2

Gunning-Fog Score

2.2

Coleman-Liau Index

8.2

SMOG Index

7.3

Automated Readability Index

0.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

1.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

4

William L. Owens

Not at all, Senator.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.3494052216

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0107236505

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0035835081

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0023287688

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0009401089

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000823868

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.000437261

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001302217

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001291073

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.73177E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.62566E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

3.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

75.9

Gunning-Fog Score

1.6

Coleman-Liau Index

6.2

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.1

Sprache Readability Score

1.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

Joe Biden

Dr. Foster, the floor is yours.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.0170947416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0010384306

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0007189147

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0003416759

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001349108

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001273838

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.16933E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.58518E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.45073E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.41799E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.31251E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

1.2

Coleman-Liau Index

6.7

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

1.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

; FORMER DIRECTOR, DEFENSE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING Dr. Foster. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, members of the committee. In 1999, Congress established the Panel to Assess the Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile. This prepared statement represents the views of my fellow panel members, Dr. Harold Agnew, Dr. Sydell Gold, Mr. Stephen Guidice, and Dr. James Schlesinger.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.56495

VADER

0.912

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0123526901

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0042385829

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012867

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003055324

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002102388

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002089247

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001845205

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0001832493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001105158

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.25175E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.71792E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

49.5

Gunning-Fog Score

4.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

9.3

Automated Readability Index

6.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

33

Sprache Difficult Word Count

34

Joe Biden

The panel observed the nuclear weapon program for 3 years. We issued our third and final report last March. In performing our assessments, the panel used as a benchmark the longstanding commitment of this and previous Presidents that sustaining confidence in U.S. nuclear deterrent capabilities is a supreme national interest. Our work has focused on the steps necessary to manage the weapons stockpile and its supporting program accordingly.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.77778

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.77778

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.7346

VADER

0.917

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.956386514

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0186438789

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0071299663

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0053332154

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0043038177

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0007677731

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007436321

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006336847

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001105074

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001041052

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.99579E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

49.3

Gunning-Fog Score

13.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

29

Sprache Difficult Word Count

28

Joe Biden

You've invited me to comment on issues related to the Nuclear Posture Review. The NPR addresses questions involving both technical and policy considerations that go beyond the scope of the panel's charter. There are, nevertheless, several areas in common. And in those areas, the panel found the NPR to be quite constructive. Many of the programs and initiatives in the NPR address the panel's concerns that the Nation needs to do better if we are to do the best we can to sustain confidence in the stockpile without nuclear tests.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.16705

VADER

0.886

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0884828449

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0038664053

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0036189875

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0016122674

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0014916443

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0013280629

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0008015211

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

8.79607E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.1591E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.8573E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.106E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.1

Gunning-Fog Score

12.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

34

Sprache Difficult Word Count

33

Joe Biden

My remarks today will cover those common areas. The panel did not address issues related to the size of the stockpile, either active or inactive. We did not assess the logic of the proposed new triad or strike capabilities, defensive capabilities, and infrastructure; nor did the panel examine specific requirements for new weapons. But major challenges remain.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.95551

VADER

-0.077

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.0775405439

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0027751941

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0004484135

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004407577

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0002828558

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.000192413

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.84778E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.03973E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.2926E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.644E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.57E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

41

Gunning-Fog Score

13.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.4

Sprache Readability Score

4.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

24

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

Joe Biden

I begin with the context. The panel and the NPR describe the current situation with the weapons program in much the same way. The program is entering a very challenging new phase that will challenge the Nation's ability to sustain the existing stockpile.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.51083

VADER

0.144

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.5239368416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0766969286

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0268518663

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0107059343

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0083647137

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0040307808

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007391762

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005315792

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001174343

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001169493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.55924E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

58.5

Gunning-Fog Score

10.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.6

Automated Readability Index

8.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

3.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Joe Biden

Weapons are aging. Some mainstay weapons, such as the W76 Trident warhead, are already reaching their 20-year design life. Several weapons are showing disturbing signs of deterioration and other problems. Owing to improvements in our assessment tools, we now are discovering that we had been overconfident in assessing some of our existing weapons. The W87 ICBM warhead is being refurbished. Last year the decision was made that three more warhead types, the W76, the W80, and the B61 bomb, will undergo extensive refurbishment in the coming decade.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.42857

Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.42857

Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.78846

VADER

-0.949

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.4134948142

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0700467383

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0282777444

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0197600966

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0048215759

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0029608465

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.001572934

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008903213

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0006527644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.000260917

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001197459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

53.5

Gunning-Fog Score

12.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.6

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

27

Sprache Difficult Word Count

30

Joe Biden

Sustaining high confidence in these complex systems as we introduce different components, new materials, and new production methods, make design changes to warheads, and utilize a new generation of people, assessment tools, and refurbished facilities, is an unprecedented technical challenge for the laboratories and the production complex. Under these difficult circumstances, I don't think that anyone should be surprised that the confidence in the nuclear test pedigree is deteriorating. Stewardship must adapt.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.43532

VADER

0.743

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0335076882

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0074522184

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0039426453

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0028509212

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0020393365

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0013121989

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0010902485

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.74474E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.04838E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.9072E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.6362E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

14.5

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

31

Sprache Difficult Word Count

30

Joe Biden

To sustain confidence in the face of these challenges requires a transformation of the weapons program. The necessary tasks ahead demand capable tools, people, and facilities, as well as the most rigorous available processes for designing, assessing, certifying, and manufacturing our nuclear warheads. The panel outlined intiatives in six areas. Each of these areas was addressed to some degree in the NPR.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.33647

VADER

0.369

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0092317721

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0077370438

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0042889857

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0038625949

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0036499972

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0033117856

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0009904925

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.06494E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.17996E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.2815E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.8107E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.4

Gunning-Fog Score

14.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

27

Sprache Difficult Word Count

30

Joe Biden

First, it is imperative that we strengthen stockpile surveillance, assessments, and certification. These processes are the day-to-day foundation for understanding stockpile safety and reliability. They also will be critical for judging our confidence in the warheads that will be refurbished over the next decade. As the technical challenge of maintaining the stockpile grows, these processes must be as rigorous and probing as the responsible stockpile stewards know how to make them. Decision makers need to be apprised of all the viable options for sustaining confidence. Key to this is sustaining the competition of ideas between the nuclear design laboratories, which has been a critical foundation for the weapons program for five decades and is the raison d'etre for two such laboratories.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.25131

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.15789

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.15789

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.30228

VADER

0.691

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0395723793

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0027248736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013478899

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0005546553

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005470946

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005330479

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000317965

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.53875E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.7024E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.173E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.102E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

37.5

Gunning-Fog Score

17

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

46

Sprache Difficult Word Count

38

Joe Biden

The panel recommends that the annual certification process entailed the identification of issues that may undermine confidence as an assessment of the relevant alternative options for sustaining confidence at each level of the assessment process -- that is, the technical and the military and then the national.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.743

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1560710953

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0101156664

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0022310727

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0020125759

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0003269623

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002651692

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.0078E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.69813E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.52374E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.08063E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.67612E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

21

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Joe Biden

We also recommend broadening the scope of annual certification reporting to encompass issues concerning the full spectrum of capabilities necessary to sustain confidence. This would require significant changes to current practices affecting several executive branch activities and, the panel believes, national level guidance is needed to shape the needed process. The panel urges Congress to support our proposals for processes that would engage the laboratories, DOE, and DOD in obtaining an unvarnished and complete assessment of stewardship issues and options.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.46667

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.46667

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.93827

VADER

0.893

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.3455096632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0108515444

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0050262312

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0039154245

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0036521735

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0024403465

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004650354

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004598881

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.80828E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.97682E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.88779E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

9.5

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

43

Sprache Difficult Word Count

40

Joe Biden

Second, the administration and Congress need to articulate and fund a balanced, forward-looking weapons program and allocate resources to the highest priority deliverables. Such a program would meet requirements for weapons refurbishment while at the same time adequately supporting the exploration of advanced concepts and maintaining leading capabilities in weapons-relevant science and technology.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.8

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.8

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.84583

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.161853584

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0129163935

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0107005035

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0073193536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0044681845

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0014431347

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0005117603

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005039266

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002649409

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002114846

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001774128

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

8.2

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

26

Sprache Difficult Word Count

27

Joe Biden

NNSA, the National Nuclear Security Administration must provide the leadership by creating a program that defines the essential deliverables for stockpile stewardship and that shows how resources are allocated to provide these deliverables. A renewed focus on deliverable products is essential to drive the need for restoring the weapons complex and training a new generation of stockpile stewards and for assessing longstanding management deficiencies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.44444

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.44444

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.89794

VADER

0.44

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1705858856

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0074852011

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0037257771

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0022420252

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004154971

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003121649

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003014831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001520213

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.20571E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.97813E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.65224E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

5.2

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

33

Sprache Difficult Word Count

29

Joe Biden

This committee is well aware that other nations continue to maintain and adapt their nuclear arsenals and that there is continuing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery methods. Technological surprise has occurred in the past and is something that we must guard against. The work on future concepts and technologies is needed to assess intelligence information, to avoid technical surprises, as well as to train stockpile stewards, and to provide alternative options for addressing any problems that may arise. The panel also emphasizes that it is essential for Congress to be kept apprised of developments in foreign weapons programs and their potential implications for U.S. security.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.29412

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.29412

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.57054

VADER

-0.402

Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0290578057

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0180201969

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0163823279

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0030966665

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0023713086

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0007497654

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001907868

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001320518

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.00010677

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.18403E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.014E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

35.2

Gunning-Fog Score

16.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

43

Sprache Difficult Word Count

44

Joe Biden

Third, to sustain the nuclear stockpile, we must restore an adequate weapons complex. Today, many capabilities are missing or deficient. As you know, the United States is the only major nuclear power that is unable to manufacture the nuclear components for its nuclear weapons. Restoring these capabilities can take a decade or more. In the meantime, we run serious risks.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

-0.318

Somewhat Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0299231237

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0161844291

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0023535644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0013470199

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011736395

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0008942553

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0005918993

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.1247E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.49868E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.7234E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.7153E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

49.4

Gunning-Fog Score

10.8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

8.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.4

Sprache Readability Score

3.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

22

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

Joe Biden

A plan is needed to explain, and we need to get started now. The adequacy of the production complex is a critical factor in determining the appropriate size of the inactive reserve and of weapons and the pace of dismantlements. With the necessary capacity to repair or produce weapons, the United States can relieve our dependence on an inactive reserve.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.422

Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0837692758

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0323292188

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.010678426

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011467215

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005921212

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005214792

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003930099

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0003828758

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.03574E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

4.03416E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.0332E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.7

Gunning-Fog Score

15.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

Joe Biden

Fourth, test readiness needs to be addressed much more realistically. This is not because a need to test is imminent, but because prudence requires that every President have a realistic option to return to testing should a technical or strategic events make it necessary. Our current readiness to return to testing is 2 to 3 years. The panel recommends the administration and Congress support test readiness of 3 months to a year, depending on the type of test. When the Senate rendered its advice and consent to the START II Treaty, its resolution of ratification stated that the United States would commit to readiness to allow testing to resume within 1 year.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.73333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.73333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.6864

VADER

0.972

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0464302168

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0007912183

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0005864995

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.000361053

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003448052

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0002552426

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001890686

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.70504E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.1589E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.631E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.625E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.9

Gunning-Fog Score

14.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

40

Sprache Difficult Word Count

38

Joe Biden

Fifth, NNSA needs to provide the strong leadership Congress sought when it created that organization in 1999. The NNSA inherited an extremely difficult situation when it was created. DOE experienced large budget cuts in the early 1990s and was never able to establish a coherent long-range vision for the program that was consistent with the available resources. NNSA was created to address these challenges and to rectify other longstanding DOE management weaknesses. NNSA needs to establish clear lines of authority, responsibility, and accountability. Laboratory directors and plant managers should be tasked and enabled to meet the requirements, standards, time lines, and budgets established by the NNSA leadership.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.25131

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.64286

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.64286

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.45225

VADER

0.722

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2499452094

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0282903085

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0051631134

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0045306868

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.003323799

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006636923

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0006604955

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002503136

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.87203E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.21805E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.884E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

37.4

Gunning-Fog Score

17.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

45

Sprache Difficult Word Count

40

Joe Biden

The panel reviewed NNSA's recent report on its proposed new organizational structure. In principle, the proposed approach can be made to work. It is now time for decisions, communication, and disciplined implementation.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.94591

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.1766049303

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0020855738

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0014855216

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0012625909

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.001216146

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002532703

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001059407

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

4.46841E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.67668E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.03518E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.968E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

32.1

Gunning-Fog Score

15.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.4

Sprache Readability Score

3.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Joe Biden

Sixth, while the panel's focus has been mainly on the NNSA weapons program, we also considered the related nuclear program activities in the DOD. Three specific actions are recommended. One, strengthening the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's programs for understanding weapons effects. Two, creating in DOD a systematic annual assessment of its delivery platforms and integrated nuclear systems that parallels the process for the weapons stockpile. And, three, reassessing the need for certain weapon requirements in view of the NPR, especially those relating to hostile environments.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.25131

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.61904

VADER

-0.796

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.3571374575

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0195739267

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0020070482

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0006566268

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0005265851

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003329134

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002333174

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001259695

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.9275E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.4882E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.788E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

32.3

Gunning-Fog Score

15.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

40

Sprache Difficult Word Count

41

Joe Biden

Expectations. The coming year will be critical in transforming the weapons program to meet the coming challenges. We should expect specific actions in several areas. Within this year, NNSA should complete its reorganization, resolve organizational relationships with DOE headquarters and develop a plan for reducing unnecessary administrative burdens. The Secretary of Energy should complete a review of DOE orders and directives and remove all unnecessary duplication of staffs. NNSA should clarify program management roles, responsibilities, and authorities. NNSA should create a future-years program plan and budget defining deliverables, priorities, and resources for meeting NPR objectives. This should include a credible program plan for reestablishing all of the capabilities needed for production of currently deployed warheads.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.58333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.58333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.26567

VADER

-0.153

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.4050565418

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0097306081

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.002630832

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011805971

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0009436894

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0005298447

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003384435

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001320532

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.69681E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.46101E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.42462E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

21.5

Gunning-Fog Score

16.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

56

Sprache Difficult Word Count

55

Joe Biden

Within the next 2 years, NNSA should implement new certification procedures that fully exploit the strengths of the national laboratories. Concurrently, there should be significant progress in reducing surveillance backlogs of critical items. Both NNSA and DOD should demonstrate test- readiness of 3 months to a year, depending on the kind of test. DOD should publish a funded program plan for weapons-effects phenomenology, simulation, and test readiness that should complete at least one cycle of a new annual assessment process in which there is enhanced rigor in DOD surveillance and assessment.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.42857

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.42857

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.78846

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

0.767

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0112172784

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0019734334

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0010327125

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002031732

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001862167

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0001738735

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

9.20553E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.9338E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.0143E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.33567E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.62251E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40

Gunning-Fog Score

17.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

40

Sprache Difficult Word Count

37

Joe Biden

There remains an urgent need for NNSA to address the fundamental problems that Congress created it to correct. The startup phase is now over. If NNSA is unable to accomplish its tasks, Congress should take positive action to further strengthen the mandate and support needed to adequately manage the Nation's nuclear capabilities.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8873

VADER

0.889

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.3688573139

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0130983957

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0048011534

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0021637847

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.001063634

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0008754816

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005336298

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002071769

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001146612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.42499E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.55E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

47.7

Gunning-Fog Score

11.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.1

Sprache Readability Score

4.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

24

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

Joe Biden

Mr. Chairman, it's been this panel's privilege to address this vital national security concern. I thank you for providing me with this opportunity to share the panel's views, and I welcome any questions that the members may have.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.95551

VADER

0.844

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2801024122

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0043835375

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0038578903

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0026658336

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0020346335

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004207398

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004085852

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.13886E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.13463E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.5764E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.3117E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.9

Gunning-Fog Score

11.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

7.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.6

Sprache Readability Score

3.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

12

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Note

[The prepared statement of Dr. Foster follows:] Prepared Statement of John S. Foster, Jr., Panel to Assess the

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.226

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0676428259

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0033810175

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008022859

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004255649

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003770856

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0002467899

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001294021

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.39366E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.3208E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.699E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.713E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

80.1

Gunning-Fog Score

1.5

Coleman-Liau Index

9.8

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

7

Joe Biden

Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile Mr. Chairman, Members of the Committee. In 1999, Congress established the Panel to Assess the Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile.\1\ My prepared statement represents the views of my fellow Panel members: Dr. Harold Agnew, Dr. Sydell Gold, Mr. Stephen Guidice, and Dr. James Schlesinger. The Panel observed the nuclear weapons program for three years. We issued our third, and final, report in March. In performing our assessments, the Panel has used as a benchmark the long-standing commitment of this, and previous, Presidents that sustaining confidence in U.S. nuclear deterrent capabilities is a supreme national interest. Our work has focused on the steps necessary to manage the weapons stockpile and its supporting program accordingly. -

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.88235

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.88235

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.3979

VADER

0.98

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.4041049164

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0376906188

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0235706408

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0089284687

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0076731645

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0050479142

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0009230826

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004115931

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.49387E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.91706E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.1859E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.2

Gunning-Fog Score

8.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11

Automated Readability Index

8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

62

Sprache Difficult Word Count

54

Joe Biden

You have invited me to comment on issues related to the Nuclear Posture Review. The NPR addresses questions involving both technical and policy considerations that go beyond the scope of the Panel's charter. There are, nevertheless, several areas in common, and in those areas the Panel found the NPR to be quite constructive. Many of the programs and initiatives in the NPR address the Panel's concerns that the Nation needs to do better if we are to do the best we can to sustain confidence in the stockpile. My remarks today will cover those common areas. The Panel did not address issues relating to the size of the stockpile, either active or inactive. We did not assess the logic of the proposed new "triad" of strike capabilities, defensive capabilities, and infrastructure. Nor did the Panel examine specific requirements for new weapons. major challenges remain

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.61904

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.26316

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.26316

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0.878

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0747437938

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0064716376

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0034162509

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0030450641

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0020398928

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0020328083

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0008723096

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.13792E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.91349E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.15136E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.52442E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50.2

Gunning-Fog Score

12.8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

56

Sprache Difficult Word Count

50

Joe Biden

I will begin with the context. The Panel and the NPR describe the current situation with the weapons program in much the same way: The program is entering a very challenging new phase that will stress the Nation's ability to sustain the existing stockpile. Weapons are aging. Some mainstay weapons, such as the W76 Trident warhead, are already reaching their 20-year design life. Several weapons are showing disturbing signs of deterioration and other problems. Owing to improvements in our assessment tools, we now are discovering that we had been overconfident in the past in assessing some of our existing weapons. The W87 ICBM warhead is being refurbished. Last year the decision was made that three more warhead types (the W76, the W80 cruise missile warhead, and the B61 bomb) will undergo extensive refurbishment in the coming decade.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.4

Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.4

Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.76214

VADER

-0.944

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0278604362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.023986747

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0142478035

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.009250595

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0057541136

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0052294887

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.002450323

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001513616

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001387079

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.84474E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.8066E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

54.5

Gunning-Fog Score

12.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

46

Sprache Difficult Word Count

47

Joe Biden

Sustaining high confidence in these complex systems is an unprecedented technical challenge for the Department of Energy, the laboratories and the production complex. We will be introducing different components, new materials, and new production methods; making design changes to warheads; and utilizing a new generation of people, assessment tools, and refurbished facilities. Under these difficult circumstances, I do not think that anyone should be surprised that the confidence in the nuclear stockpile, which is based on the nuclear-test "pedigree," is deteriorating. stewardship must adapt

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.43532

VADER

0.813

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0177607741

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0044746488

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0026185422

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0021539889

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0013420308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0013244871

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0011778722

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

6.72143E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.72535E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.38445E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.69417E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

20

Gunning-Fog Score

18.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

36

Sprache Difficult Word Count

35

Joe Biden

To sustain confidence in the face of these challenges requires a transformation of the weapons program. The necessary tasks ahead demand capable tools, people, and facilities -- as well as the most rigorous available processes -- for designing, assessing, certifying, manufacturing, and maintaining our nuclear warheads. The Panel outlined initiatives in six areas. Each of these areas was addressed to some degree in the NPR.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.33647

VADER

0.369

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2714260947

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0043251468

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.004135949

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0022433811

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0002859205

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002374657

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001082644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.11167E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.06065E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.54457E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.72123E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

39.1

Gunning-Fog Score

15.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

Joe Biden

First, it is imperative that we strengthen stockpile surveillance, assessments, and certification. These processes are the day-to-day foundation for understanding stockpile safety and reliability. They also will be critical for judging our confidence in the warheads that will be refurbished over the next decade. As the technical challenge of maintaining the stockpile grows, these processes must be as rigorous and probing as the responsible stockpile stewards know how to make them. Decision makers need to be apprised of all the viable options for sustaining confidence. Key to this is sustaining the competition of ideas among the nuclear design laboratories. This has been a critical foundation for the weapons program for five decades, and it is the raison d'etre for two such laboratories.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.25131

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.15789

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.15789

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.30228

VADER

0.691

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2667014254

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.019400772

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0076511285

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.005419807

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0045906836

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0018989489

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0006764566

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0003918811

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003587225

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002186398

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001368375

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.8

Gunning-Fog Score

15.8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

46

Sprache Difficult Word Count

38

Joe Biden

The Panel recommends that the Annual Certification Process entail the identification of issues that may undermine confidence, and an assessment of the relevant options for sustaining confidence -- at each level of the assessment process (i.e., technical, operational military, and national). We also recommend broadening the scope of Annual Certification reporting to encompass issues concerning the full spectrum of capabilities necessary to sustain confidence. This would require significant changes to current practices affecting several executive branch activities, and the Panel believes national-level guidance is needed to shape the needed process. The Panel urges Congress to support our proposals for processes that would engage the laboratories, DOE, and DOD in obtaining an unvarnished and complete assessment of stewardship issues and options.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.52381

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.52381

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.952

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0479701732

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0318592793

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0123998369

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0049407474

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0041736246

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0014410786

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004239676

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001159934

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.42165E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.46664E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.8112E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

13

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

64

Sprache Difficult Word Count

48

Joe Biden

Second, the Administration and Congress need to articulate a balanced, forward-looking weapons program, and allocate resources to the highest priority deliverables. Such a program would meet requirements for weapons refurbishments, while at the same time would adequately support the exploration of advanced concepts and maintain leading capabilities in weapons-relevant science and technology. NNSA -- the National Nuclear Security Administration -- must provide the leadership, by creating a program that defines the essential deliverables and that clearly defines the resources allocated to provide these deliverables.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

2.3979

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.875

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.875

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.33537

VADER

0.727

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0190690393

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0136270683

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0109719404

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0062975138

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0046193334

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0043953962

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0015048753

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0010303418

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001442641

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.74485E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.71259E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

5.2

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

43

Sprache Difficult Word Count

37

Joe Biden

A renewed focus on deliverable products and delivery schedules is essential to drive the need for restoring the weapons complex, for training a new generation of stockpile stewards, and for addressing long-standing management deficiencies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.63599

VADER

-0.178

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence > Graphic

0.0218787522

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0144284073

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0106063926

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0057876172

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0054394462

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0023715074

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0010333953

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0007313259

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001354338

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.49806E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.18672E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

9.4

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Joe Biden

This Committee is well aware that other nations continue to maintain and adapt their nuclear arsenals, and that there is a continuing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery methods. Technological surprise has occurred in the past and is something we must guard against. The work on future concepts and technologies is needed to assess intelligence information, to avoid technical surprises as well as to train stockpile stewards, and to provide alternative options for addressing any problems that may arise. The Panel also emphasizes that it is essential for Congress to be kept apprised of developments in foreign weapons programs and their potential implications for U.S. security.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.29412

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.29412

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.57054

VADER

-0.402

Negative

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.1761559397

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0982300844

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0175113615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.011222672

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.002978524

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0022323817

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0010487232

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004494088

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002529799

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001499644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.4164E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

35.2

Gunning-Fog Score

15.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

43

Sprache Difficult Word Count

44

Joe Biden

Third, to sustain the nuclear stockpile we must restore an adequate weapons complex. Today, many capabilities are missing or deficient. As you know, the United States is the only major nuclear power that is unable to manufacture the nuclear components for its nuclear weapons. Restoring these capabilities can take a decade, or more. In the meantime we run serious risks. A plan and program are needed to restore capabilities in the weapons complex, and we need to get started now.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.05882

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.05882

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.11123

VADER

-0.459

Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0820846355

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0067752095

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0053967735

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012814967

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.000592607

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005426223

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002006115

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001425952

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.68334E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.3882E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.8559E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.7

Gunning-Fog Score

10.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11

Automated Readability Index

8.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

Joe Biden

The adequacy of the production complex is a critical factor in determining the appropriate size and state of readiness of the inactive reserve of weapons and the pace of dismantlements. If we had the necessary capacity to repair or produce weapons, the U.S. could relieve our dependence on an inactive reserve.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.78846

VADER

-0.557

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0311744079

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0116695584

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0055092376

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0022471026

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.002054453

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0010864953

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0009825839

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0003034504

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002500638

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.28767E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.63383E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

45.6

Gunning-Fog Score

14.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

8.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

3.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

20

Joe Biden

Fourth, test readiness needs to be addressed much more realistically. This is not because a need to test is imminent, but because prudence requires that every President have a realistic option to return to testing, should technical or strategic events make it necessary. Our current readiness to return to testing is two to three years. The Panel recommends the Administration and Congress support test readiness of three months to a year, depending on the type of test. The Panel recalls that when the Senate rendered its advice and consent to the START II Treaty in 1996, its Resolution of Ratification stated that the United States should maintain the Nevada Test Site at a level that would allow testing to resume within one year following a national decision to do so.\2\ -

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.71429

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.71429

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.957

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2979894867

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0333520002

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0252653612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0222651244

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0099862773

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0079301899

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0040832154

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0013397928

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000176128

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.71499E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.26282E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

49.7

Gunning-Fog Score

13.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

46

Sprache Difficult Word Count

46

Joe Biden

Fifth, NNSA needs to provide the strong leadership Congress sought when it created that organization in 1999. NNSA inherited an extremely difficult situation when it was created in 1999. DOE experienced large budget cuts in the early 1990s, and was never able to establish a coherent long-range vision for the program that was consistent with the available resources. NNSA was created to address these challenges, and to rectify other long-standing DOE management weaknesses.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.55556

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.55556

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.17007

VADER

0.483

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.441016769

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0293919584

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0255234569

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0200718045

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0101627316

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0095180549

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.006300403

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004205079

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003527494

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001438388

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.01083E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

47.9

Gunning-Fog Score

15.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

30

Sprache Difficult Word Count

28

Joe Biden

NNSA needs to establish clear lines of authority, responsibility, and accountability. Laboratory directors and plant managers should be tasked and enabled to meet the requirements, standards, timelines, and budgets established by the NNSA leadership. The Panel reviewed NNSA's recent report on its proposed new organizational structure. In principle, the proposed approach can be made to work. It is time now for decisions, communication, and disciplined implementation.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.85714

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.85714

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.19722

VADER

0.44

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0761084317

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0278195075

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0183334763

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0051742976

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0042484124

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0030418481

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0027257574

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0022119824

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001676999

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.000101626

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.50925E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

24.2

Gunning-Fog Score

18

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

30

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

Joe Biden

Sixth, while the Panel's focus has been mainly on the NNSA weapons program, we also considered the related nuclear program activities in DOD. Three specific actions are recommended: 1) strengthening the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's programs for understanding weapons effects; 2) creating in DOD a systematic annual assessment of its delivery platforms, command and control, and other systems needed to perform a nuclear mission, that parallels the process for the weapons stockpile; and 3) reassessing weapon requirements in view of the NPR. expectations

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.78846

VADER

-0.765

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

2.1023731679

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.5674956366

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.136502739

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0490511011

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0343316031

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0035898971

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0032259668

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0011677357

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0004540741

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003225348

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

9.03032E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

25.9

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

41

Sprache Difficult Word Count

42

Joe Biden

The coming year will be critical in transforming the weapons program to meet the coming challenges. We should expect specific actions in several areas. Within this fiscal year: NNSA should complete its reorganization, resolve organizational relationships with DOE headquarters, and develop a plan for reducing unnecessary administrative burdens. The Secretary of Energy should complete a review of DOE orders and directives, and remove all unnecessary duplication of stafff. NNSA should clarify program management roles, responsibilities, and authorities. NNSA should create a future years program plan and a transparent budget defining deliverables, priorities, and resources for meeting NPR objectives, with a clear connection between resources and deliverables. This should include a credible program plan for reestablishing all of the capabilities needed for production of currently deployed warheads. Within the next two years: NNSA should implement new certification processes that fully exploit the strengths of the weapons laboratories. Concurrently, there should be significant progress in reducing surveillance backlogs of critical items. Both NNSA and DOD should demonstrate test readiness of three months to a year, depending on the kind of test. DOD should publish and implement a funded program for weapon effects phenomenology, simulation, and test readiness, and should complete at least one cycle of a new annual assessment process in which there is enhanced rigor in surveillance and assessment of DOD assets. There remains an urgent need for NNSA to address the fundamental problems that Congress created it to correct. The start-up phase is now over. If NNSA is unable to accomplish its tasks, Congress should take positive action to ensure that the nation's nuclear capabilities are adequately managed.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.04762

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.04762

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.09097

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.58333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.58333

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.29928

VADER

0.924

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2501524054

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0659640704

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0597899838

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0168815415

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0020544177

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.002050544

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0016046974

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0007948575

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001930825

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001027195

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.36121E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

32.3

Gunning-Fog Score

16.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

121

Sprache Difficult Word Count

105

Joe Biden

Mr. Chairman, it has been this Panel's privilege to address this vital national security concern. Thank you for providing me with this opportunity to share the Panel's views. I welcome your questions.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.95551

VADER

0.844

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1936476212

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0342304847

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0154885318

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0090775553

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0079049416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0064461819

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0062480387

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001772655

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001124348

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.37334E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.69506E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

56

Gunning-Fog Score

10.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

6.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

2.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

12

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Joe Biden

Thank you very much, doctor. I'm going to go to Admiral Owens now, and then if -- I hope you are able to stay for questions. If you can't, we understand. We'll submit them to you in writing. But I'm fearful, after consulting with Mr. Lugar, that there may be a vote on the floor, and I want to give Admiral Owens a chance to get his full statement in before that happens, if it does occur. STATEMENT OF ADM. WILLIAM A. OWENS, U.S. NAVY (RET.), FORMER VICE CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF; CO-CEO AND VICE CHAIRMAN, TELEDESIC LLC, BELLEVUE, WA

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

0.796

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.4186423272

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0736213813

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0474745902

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.039235322

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0134572387

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0048924641

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0048128615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0041121908

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.00208355

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003309341

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002834329

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

3.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

82.5

Gunning-Fog Score

5

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

7.9

Automated Readability Index

1.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

30

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

William L. Owens

Well, thank you, Senator. It's a great pleasure to be here with you and to be a co-panelist with a gentleman I admire very much, John Foster. I would ask that I not read the full statement. I'd like to give you 4 or 5 minutes of an overview, if I may, and leave time for discussion, if that's OK?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.83321

VADER

0.963

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.008054018

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0043365373

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0021119007

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0019409794

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0016146862

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006676778

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0003840929

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001356659

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.8833E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.7087E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.4946E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

5.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

86

Gunning-Fog Score

8.7

Coleman-Liau Index

5.5

SMOG Index

9.7

Automated Readability Index

3.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.3

Sprache Readability Score

3.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

13

Joe Biden

Without objection, your entire statement will be placed in the record.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.1760874409

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0589343603

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0132542904

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0086935688

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0028908324

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0018837853

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011563072

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.75261E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.60233E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.49692E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.086E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

6.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

64.9

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

8.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

2.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

5

William L. Owens

Thank you, sir.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1835303265

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0556870946

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0038116843

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0033638888

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0023605347

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002149751

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002148088

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.0647E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.5347E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.059E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.67E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

1.2

Coleman-Liau Index

5.7

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.1

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

William L. Owens

I'd like to just comment that it's trite at this point in the history of our country to say that the world is a different place. And so, in light of the fact that there are so many dramatic changes around us in this world of terrorism and weapons, et cetera, it seems to me that the mandate is for change. And I wonder, if we look back on the year 2002 from the year 2012 or 2017, and we evaluate what has happened to us in the last 10 or 15 years, if we won't ask ourselves if we thought seriously and broadly enough about this whole range of nuclear weapons. And so I'd offer a few observations.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

-0.886

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.2755445195

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.2358373487

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.2338109305

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0085122418

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0034243567

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0021309013

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0020148362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000137279

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.45789E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.965E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.3607E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

70

Gunning-Fog Score

14.6

Coleman-Liau Index

6.4

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

11.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

William L. Owens

First -- and these will be very brief -- I see no real threat of large-scale nuclear attack against this Nation. Second, I think we're all well aware that there are literally thousands of nuclear weapons in Russia, not only the strategic ones, but the tactical ones, and they are dispersed in 40 facilities around the Russian countryside. Arguably, those 40 dispersed facilities are more or less secure, but one has to wonder if it is in our best interest to have large numbers of nuclear weapons stored in those facilities. In that regard, I couldn't offer stronger support for the cooperative threat reduction efforts of Senator Lugar and Senator Nunn. I think they're enormously important, and I hope that the beat goes on, in terms of supporting them.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8473

VADER

0.792

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.8645583875

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0744169694

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.064702658

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0453778775

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.024731303

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0212333514

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0016096234

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005928795

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002144335

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.28845E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.3269E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

54

Gunning-Fog Score

14.6

Coleman-Liau Index

11.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

36

Sprache Difficult Word Count

38

William L. Owens

Tactical nuclear weapons seem to be a marginal discussion. I can't imagine why. We read in the Washington Post and every other newspaper in this country about the strategic nuclear weapons reductions and going to 1,700 to 2,200 in the year 2012, but where is the discussion of tactical nuclear weapons, the thousands that the Russians have versus the many hundreds that we have, and are they not important? My view would be that those are the most proliferable of nuclear weapons, and there should be a keen focus on those tactical nuclear weapons.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.75

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.75

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

-0.911

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0762556912

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0023597493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0018000848

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013740615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0012444563

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003429264

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003220698

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

8.4467E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.355E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.399E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.257E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

56.5

Gunning-Fog Score

14.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

19

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

William L. Owens

I think another area that is being only marginally addressed is the area of cruise missiles with nuclear weapons onboard. And surely that has to be of great concern. As we look at the next 9/11, is it not very probable that it could come in the form of cruise missiles readily available on the world market whether it has a nuclear weapon or otherwise onboard? We need to be looking at that capability. And, of course, national missile defense doesn't provide an answer for that problem. So those missiles with a nuclear weapon are clearly of great concern.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.58779

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.28571

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.28571

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.54654

VADER

0.743

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

7.31581375

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.9907068685

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.7531616371

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1173940138

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0193796033

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0066513814

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0037343285

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0010592752

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000392173

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.09067E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.492E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

65.6

Gunning-Fog Score

10.3

Coleman-Liau Index

10.4

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

7.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.1

Sprache Readability Score

4.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

27

Sprache Difficult Word Count

24

William L. Owens

I would offer that many solutions are not timely enough, that as we look back 15 years from now we'll ask ourselves if we couldn't have done it faster. And so while I salute this administration for its efforts to reduce the nuclear weapons and bringing the treaty to this body for approval, and I think it's definitely a step in the right direction, I believe that it should happen much faster than 2012. And if there are ways that we can do it faster, we should try to find those ways.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.75

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.75

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.557

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0679180026

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0190024832

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0103711507

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0048860533

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0028815321

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0017181901

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004326625

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003430681

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001543438

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001164214

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.69704E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

63.5

Gunning-Fog Score

14.4

Coleman-Liau Index

8.5

SMOG Index

10.6

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

William L. Owens

I'm concerned about "dirty" nuclear weapons, and that's a big issue, as we all know. The simple weapon -- conventional explosives, with very radioactive, contaminating material in it -- is a great threat to this Nation as we look at terrorist attacks in the future.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.95551

VADER

-0.931

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.4473485984

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0369675952

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0297444727

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0007667005

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0006823429

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006295658

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004678931

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002835745

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000272997

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002633423

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.68561E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

41.4

Gunning-Fog Score

14.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

William L. Owens

And it's, for me, very difficult to see how we have a use for several thousand nuclear weapons, whether it's the 2,000 with a significant responsive force -- I don't know what the possible use for those nuclear weapons is today or in the future for that number. Is it -- I can't imagine, unless it is some fear of what happens in Russia. And so we must maintain a readiness to deal with that. But, at the same time, it seems to me, as a Nation, we should be leading, in terms of trying to reduce the number of weapons below the numbers that are presently on the table.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

-0.83

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.0119975513

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.010929253

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0090536952

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0046983023

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0023877925

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0014556967

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0012589659

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012057882

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002190543

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001832771

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.98107E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

66.6

Gunning-Fog Score

13.8

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

10.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

23

William L. Owens

Likewise, I think it's very problematical about what the use is for the U.S.-NATO nuclear capability. It has been seen in years past as an element of melding NATO together. And yet today, I think it stands in the way of addressing directly the tactical nuclear weapons inventory on the Russian side. And so we hear very little discussion of the U.S. tactical nuclear capability in Europe, and I think it's very important.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.83321

VADER

-0.599

Very Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.009955006

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0020558426

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0006933355

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.000131038

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

8.38649E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.61605E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.99186E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

2.17827E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.2191E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

5.292E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

8.557E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

59.2

Gunning-Fog Score

9.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.1

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

4.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.4

Sprache Readability Score

3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

19

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

William L. Owens

And, finally, I question whether the use of nuclear weapons as an answer -- as a deterrent for the use of biological and chemical weapons makes sense. Would we not want to be the ones who are leading the answer to deterence against those kind of weapons with other kinds of responses, rather than suggesting that we would respond with a nuclear weapon as a direct capability of this Nation?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.99853

VADER

-0.909

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2159234602

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0161579534

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0117543343

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0073068564

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0040334529

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.001650477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0006147533

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005015787

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0003606238

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002012623

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.93395E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.6

Gunning-Fog Score

18.4

Coleman-Liau Index

11

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

William L. Owens

So I think we need real change. And let me just mention three or four areas of significant -- I would call them "bigger- picture changes" that we might entail in this Nation that should be a part of the discussion. I'm certain these are not the right answers, but I'm also certain that we need to think about this much more broadly than we have in the past.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.557

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.448150631

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1901335549

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.086258637

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0338538928

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0198022695

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0142850506

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0077958488

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0030194667

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0021096241

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.00055493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001548708

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

74.3

Gunning-Fog Score

10.2

Coleman-Liau Index

8.3

SMOG Index

7.9

Automated Readability Index

9.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

9

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

William L. Owens

So, first of all, the issue of when changes could occur. Is it possible that we could look at a third-country storage area where we could put excess nuclear weapons from this country and from the Russian inventory in a very secure, monitored storage which the Russians and we monitored and was monitored by an international body of some sort? One could conjecture on where that might be, and it's probably wrong to say where it could be, but I think that it is possible, and that might allow us not to get to a lesser number of nuclear weapons a few years from now, but next year! And we should look seriously at permanent storage under the surveillance of trusted parties, including ourselves and the Russians, in another nation.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.575

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0688546395

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0296480139

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0153871224

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.002562551

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0025274929

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0021272344

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0019161214

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0013303776

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

8.10433E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.82525E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.9287E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50.2

Gunning-Fog Score

17.4

Coleman-Liau Index

10.5

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

William L. Owens

I think that we have an enormous capability in the world of the revolution of military affairs information-technology data links to be able to put an "American information umbrella" over suspect parts of the globe, be that the facilities in Iraq or the facilities in North Korea, and to monitor them 24 hours a day, real time, all weather -- the unmanned aerial vehicles, Global Hawk/Predator, many airplanes, tactical sensors, all data linked, give us a capability to see the ground in many ways that I think many may not fully appreciate -- and then to have a deterrence structure built around that information umbrella.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.99853

VADER

-0.417

Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0654823321

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0053796419

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0045744095

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0042110532

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0017732867

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013543324

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0012919356

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000488259

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002964515

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.00168E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.48968E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

33

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

William L. Owens

And it may have become time to think of the information umbrella as a serious part of our deterrence strategy as opposed to the nuclear umbrella. It applies to North Korea. It applies to Iraq. And it could apply to many other areas. You could easily see that if you had such an umbrella, there are many things we could say, in terms of diplomatic absolutes, to an offender, "Don't do x or we will do y," that make enormous good sense to me and, I think, have had very little discussion.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.58779

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.25

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.25

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.45199

VADER

0.414

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0047089645

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0042122745

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.002160298

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0010863037

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005368906

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004691035

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0002968493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0001648291

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.7526E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.46244E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.3099E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

62.2

Gunning-Fog Score

13.4

Coleman-Liau Index

8.5

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

7.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4

Sprache Readability Score

4.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

William L. Owens

I think we could find a way with the Russians to absolutely and transparently control what happens after we destroy a nuclear weapon. When it's destroyed, there is still material. It is weapons grade. In some instances it is diluted weapons grade, and there is a lot of waste material. And we need to be able to address those issues. That's not a part of the discussion today. We need to be able to address those kinds of issues in a transparent, accountable way, because they are very much subject to being proliferated.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.58779

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.61904

VADER

-0.948

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.5180636887

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.07057162

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0445504993

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0248693221

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0042794414

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0021999744

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0021653657

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0016049942

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008429751

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.69221E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.02591E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

64.2

Gunning-Fog Score

9.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.5

SMOG Index

10.1

Automated Readability Index

6.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.7

Sprache Readability Score

3.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

20

William L. Owens

I support strongly the Nunn-Lugar Threat Reduction Program, and we should fund it and fund it and fund it.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.103

Leans Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0266297546

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0076200296

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0074022995

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0040634393

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0018356192

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002617536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002383956

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.61364E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

5.17986E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.61438E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

8.0499E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

76.6

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

9.2

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

8.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.9

Sprache Readability Score

3.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

William L. Owens

I think we should find a way to develop a very good business with the Russians for safe, secure, transparent, transportable capability for nuclear weapons and nuclear waste around the world. When it is transported, it is a huge problem that we're all aware of, political in every nation in this world. And we and the Russians own the technologies to allow the safe, secure, accountable transportation of all of those kinds of materials, and we should get on with finding a way to do that as a cooperative scheme with the Russians. We need to put a lot of focus on tactical nuclear weapons.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.44444

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.44444

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.89794

VADER

0.687

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.063308439

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0169095554

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0062548526

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0023992327

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008072853

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0004185415

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003687145

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.20259E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.0007E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.1339E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.129E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.1

Gunning-Fog Score

15.5

Coleman-Liau Index

10.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

27

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

William L. Owens

And that brings us to the issue of NATO. And we have to question seriously whether the new NATO, the expanded NATO, is best served by having a continued nuclear umbrella as a part of it, and yet the discussion there is not present.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.33647

VADER

0.542

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0465047458

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0226452728

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0177782931

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0032652999

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0027425727

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0012316766

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0011790726

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007893553

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003158537

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001996418

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.59858E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

59.5

Gunning-Fog Score

13.3

Coleman-Liau Index

8.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

12

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

William L. Owens

Finally, the cruise-missile threat, I think it does need to be a part of these discussions.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.51083

VADER

-0.527

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1346830977

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0641895225

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0232131541

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0174883011

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0086110129

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0029605473

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0013492274

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005078024

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001576632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001023838

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.63908E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

75.1

Gunning-Fog Score

9.2

Coleman-Liau Index

9.1

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.6

Sprache Readability Score

3.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

5

William L. Owens

And, in overview, I think this is a new world. Relevant new-world thinking needs to be brought to this whole area. And I know many of you are sponsoring much of that, and I salute you for that.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.29928

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.0240069727

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0217333567

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0143085941

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0112519352

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0069366084

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.006276925

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0052022617

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0039867184

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007081492

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002453025

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001404612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

4.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

87.3

Gunning-Fog Score

8.3

Coleman-Liau Index

6.7

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

3.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.1

Sprache Readability Score

2.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

6

Sprache Difficult Word Count

6

William L. Owens

And it's been my privilege to talk to you here this morning.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0174994275

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0061176695

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0060360311

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0021987054

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.000776054

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005236185

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001064536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.941E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.08721E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.2665E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.5095E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

3.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

88.9

Gunning-Fog Score

8.1

Coleman-Liau Index

7.2

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

1.9

Sprache Readability Score

2.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

Note

[The prepared statement of Admiral Owens follows:] Prepared Statement of Adm. William A. Owens, U.S. Navy (Ret.), former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; co-CEO and Vice Chairman, Teledesic LLC, Bellevue, WA This testimony is primarily focused on the need for substantive CHANGE. Military institutions are by nature conservative, cautious of fads, and hesitant to rush headlong into change. Their conservatism is founded on experience, for they have learned, often very painfully, what can happen when they make the wrong changes and that they could be expected to deliver weapons while in the "midst of change." So, while the risks of being defeated in mankind's deadliest competition (WAR) drive militaries to innovate, those same risks inhibit accelerated change and rapid innovation. History suggests that there rarely are revolutions in the way we conduct national defense, and that is even more true in the matters of nuclear weapons, their doctrine, and the theory of use. It has now been over a decade since the demise of the bipolar world, for which we built our nuclear forces. Our hesitation to boldly change stems from many factors. But, I propose that in the face of a vastly different set of world conditions, we must change significantly, and we must include in that change the entire area of nuclear forces and deterrence.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.22378

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.03704

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.03704

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.07146

VADER

-0.869

Very Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.041386098

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0043104181

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0033913606

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.002378522

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0015331034

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0010757644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004119713

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003780913

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.87942E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.18904E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.05512E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

53.5

Gunning-Fog Score

12.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

75

Sprache Difficult Word Count

77

William L. Owens

There has been considerable discussion about the Nuclear Posture Review, about Strategic Nuclear weapons reductions, about the ABM treaty and how it has been handled, about the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the National Missile Defense capability, and about the demise of the Russian nuclear capability. I want to try to stay away from too much of the detail of these very important subjects and try to provide some context for discussion (or argument), for it's my belief that unlike the normal approach to military planning, e.g. be very cautious or we might break something, the most negative approach we could now take would be to NOT undertake significant change. First a set of observations: There is no real threat of large scale nuclear attack from any country (unless there was a complete failure of government and a very unstable leadership developed in Russia). There are literally thousands of nuclear weapons (strategic and tactical) in about 40 dispersed facilities in Russia, which arguably over the last decade have had questionable security. The officers overseeing them are often poorly paid, living in remote areas, and poorly equipped with available modern security capabilities. There have been occasional reports of hunger strikes at a few of these facilities. Tactical nuclear weapons numbering in the "several thousands" for the Russians vs. "many hundreds" for the U.S. are generally UNADDRESSED, or at least only marginally noted, in most of the current rhetoric, treaties, and discussions. Note: These weapons are not too different in destructive power from those used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These, arguably are the weapons over which the Russians have had less control in terms of inventories, security procedures, etc. Cruise missiles with nuclear warheads are also in the "marginally addressed" category. These weapons are considerably easier to build, much more accurate, and much less visible to intelligence sources. They also are not addressed by our National Missile Defense initiative, except in footnotes. They could be the essence of a future 9/11 attack, but think about a dozen or so of them precisely targeted on particular places; the West Wing, the Speaker's office, several industry leaders, etc. Many "solutions" are not timely, envisioned to take place not over months, but over many years, and in some cases the "cow has been out of the barn" for a decade. America is unquestionably unapproachable in nuclear weapons capability, not only for the present, but as best as most of us can see, for many decades. In this regard, our reputation in the world and the future of nuclear weapons will depend upon how we "handle ourselves," what we do, what we say, what our budget funds, and how we deal with other world powers. Article VI of the NPT obligated each Party "to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament." We must be careful that our actions do not cause others to doubt our sincerity and to take actions that would spur on either an unhealthy arms race or worse in generations ahead lead to the availability of capability which others could use to threaten our Country. "Dirty Nuclear Weapons" are little addressed in terms of substantive policy direction or initiatives. There is considerable evidence that non-weapons grade materials are available and well known to terrorist organizations. There has been reference to an incident of Cesium-137/Strontium 90 use in a Moscow park in 1995. General Dudayev, the former head of the Chechyen Independence movement noted that this was only a "scant portion of the radioactive substances which we have at our disposal." It's very difficult to imagine what possible use we could have for several thousand offensive nuclear weapons. If our new relationship with Russia is indeed built on a new trust (like that we have with France or Great Britain?), and if we are indeed not to target them, it is hard to imagine what "requirement" we have for the present number of strategic nuclear weapons in our arsenal or the planned numbers for the future, including the fully diluted year 2012 number of 2000 operational nuclear weapons, let alone the "response force" of several thousand more. We should remember that this capability costs this nation significant taxpayer dollars, dollars which might go to some of the threats mentioned above or to other important national defense priorities. Even more importantly, the perception of our Country as not being sincere about reducing the viability of nuclear weapons and fostering a continuing arms race is damaging. In light of the above it is also difficult to ascertain the purpose of the U.S.-led NATO/European nuclear capability. If there is a perceived use of nuclear weapons for deterring the use of chemical or biological weapons, it would appear to be weak at best. We have a very convincing conventional force which is likely to be a much more effective deterrent, and we do have an ability to use it pre-emptively when we know that such a capability is being developed. Are we not better to take a position against the use of nuclear weapons for such deterrence. . . . "Use Chemical or Biological weapons against us or our allies, and your life will not be the same. We have the ability to eliminate those who would use or sponsor such a use, and we do NOT need to use nuclear weapons!" So, could I give you some thoughts on big ideas? Let me suggest just a few for consideration: First, There is a real issue with WHEN changes occur. Could we and the Russians reach agreement to put large numbers of excess strategic and tactical nuclear weapons in third country "permanent storage" under the surveillance of "trusted parties," in which complete transparency and security of the weapons is maintained? Such a plan could be implemented in months vs. years, and could be the basis for true downsizing without the threat of loss of control of the weapons in the ensuing years. It could also include OTHER nations and be the basis for real confidence in general global downsizing. Second, we could develop Information Umbrella(s) which could be used to provide information to support nuclear deterrence, perhaps information about precisely what is happening in Iraq around the CBW facilities?, or in North Korea around the missile facilities?, or in Iran around suspected nuclear development sites? Or ?? Such information umbrellas would be developed from sensors on satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, and a number of other aircraft in our present inventory. All information could readily be "fused" to provide a 24 hour a day, real-time, all weather accurate picture of the entire area (country?). We could readily put 5 or 6 of these in place around the world positioned optimally to give America the best strategic picture of crisis areas. And could we develop deterrent strategies using that information, e.g. "don't do . . . or we will . . . (such message for public or private delivery). Is this a more effective plan than the Nuclear Umbrella which we have provided for our NATO or Japanese or Korean allies? Third, with the Russians we could find ways to absolutely and transparently account for and control (1) the nuclear materials which remain after the destruction of nuclear weapons, and (2) nuclear waste which results from commercial or military nuclear plants as well as other nuclear residue (remembering the dirty nuclear weapon threat). Fourth, continue with a much more aggressive Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program with a focus on both strategic and tactical nuclear weapons. It might be the best money we spend to help the Russians destroy their nuclear arsenals. How much is too much to spend on such an important program? Fifth, develop U.S/Russian cooperative programs which could make money for cooperating businesses from both countries which allow for transparent, safe, constantly monitored (modern communications/GPS/etc.), accountable, and secure global transportation of both weapons grade and diluted weapons grade nuclear materials, as well as nuclear waste. Note that the U.S. has purchased 500 MT of "blended-down" nuclear weapons grade materials for use in our commercial nuclear power plants. This is big and very important business and could be critical for the absolute control of these nuclear materials. There is a potential market of a few billion dollars of revenue in this business, and there is no focus for the activity today. As a matter of policy and implementation we should proceed with this kind of initiative now. Sixth, put some focus on tactical nuclear weapons where we are faced with thousands of Russian weapons (as compared to a few hundred for us). And the Russian weapons are arguably controlled far less rigorously than their strategic weapons. This would require a focus on our nuclear policy as it relates to NATO. NATO and the bilateral security treaties we maintained during the Cold War had a sublime logic based on mutual utility. They reconciled our desires to gain both tangible and political support from our allies, with our allies' desires to influence and control the views, and, more importantly, the actions of the United States, the superpower with which they were allied. NATO and our alliance with Japan offset the Soviet military threat. But it also provided an internal balance in the face of the profound military-technical disparity represented by our nuclear weapons. Germany and Japan, and for a while France, agreed to forego developing nuclear weapons in exchange for an American nuclear umbrella. We promised, in turn, to deter Soviet military action by the threat of nuclear escalation and backed our promise by forward stationing American forces on the territory of our allies. Our allies, in exchange, acquiesced to American alliance leadership. We, in exchange, agreed to procedural and institutional constraints on our freedom to act unilaterally. NATO and our alliance with Japan deterred a common threat. But equally important, they assured a mutually beneficial balance among the members, a balance that was greatly unbalanced in terms of their military power and ours. But Europe and the Russian threat has changed. Arguably the threat of Russian tactical nuclear weapons is much more important than is the possession of a small NATO nuclear force. That nuclear force hardly melds the alliance in this new world, and it is very likely that the security of Europe would be greatly enhanced if both we and the Russians eliminated all tactical nuclear weapons. A good case could be made that a U.S./NATO Information Umbrella mentioned above could be an important element of a replacement strategy. The key, of course, would be our willingness to share the U.S. information edge. This would mean opening access to our national technical capabilities wider than we have been willing to do in the past and sharing the fruit of those and our other capabilities more broadly than we have done before. But like the nuclear umbrella before it, a U.S. "information" umbrella could reinforce a mutually beneficial relationship between the United States and our allies. Seven, address the cruise missile threat. If there is a plausible pseudo-military threat to our Country it is this one. These missiles are inexpensive, accurate, fly several hundred kilometers, are relatively easy to acquire, and can deliver nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. The ability to put together "systems of systems" (space, air, and ground sensors, computer networks, and bandwidth communications) to address this critical threat would be of vast benefit to the protection of our Country and our allies. It needs dedicated focus and considerable funding. It is my conclusion that original new-world-relevant thinking is more necessary now than it has ever been. There will be many better ideas than those addressed above. But it seems that there is a mandate to truly change in a World which is truly changed. The Chairman. Thank you very much, Admiral Owens. We are -- doctor?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.50575

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.45017

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.45017

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.96597

VADER

-0.991

Very Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0497609377

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0020326728

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0020024368

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0017567625

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0012085685

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005988227

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003039503

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002551292

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001779776

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001422422

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.8236E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

46.8

Gunning-Fog Score

13.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

634

Sprache Difficult Word Count

430

Serrin Foster

Mr. Chairman, I apologize very much to this committee, but I must leave at this moment. I wanted very much to be able to take your questions while I'm here, but I can't. And I look forward to any questions you would --

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.026

Neutral

Moderation

Sexual

0.0654359697

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0247236865

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0057075416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0032035536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0009825445

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0009514083

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0009157743

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000570399

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001392302

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.57081E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.365E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

5.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

77.3

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

7.5

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

2.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.8

Sprache Readability Score

2.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

6

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

Joe Biden

We'll submit them in writing. As you're getting up to leave, I'll ask you one -- I thought you were nodding in agreement with the first several recommendations of Admiral Owens. Was I correct?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.649

Very Positive

Moderation

Self-Harm > Intent

2.9663765803

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.7037019134

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.4028377831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.9445787407

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.9086475708

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.6548424717

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2246582182

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.1439707703

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.1294602873

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0910274219

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0487309619

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

6.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

70.1

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.9

SMOG Index

9.9

Automated Readability Index

5.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.9

Sprache Readability Score

3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Serrin Foster

Yes, I agree with many of the points he made.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

0.637

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.1182172331

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0300771411

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0257681677

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0165909005

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0031067975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0006691383

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006642077

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.34297E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.48222E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.77105E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.0089E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

2.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

95.2

Gunning-Fog Score

4

Coleman-Liau Index

4.2

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.5

Sprache Readability Score

2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

Joe Biden

I thank you, and you are excused. And with your permission, we will submit some questions to you.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0429061009

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.025347565

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0080581121

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0051279505

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0036681457

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.001148294

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000316758

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.35562E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

6.28293E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.59577E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.05592E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

75.5

Gunning-Fog Score

10.3

Coleman-Liau Index

9

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.1

Sprache Readability Score

2.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

4

Serrin Foster

Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0262499962

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0059656111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0046224093

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0035320831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0017074341

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0011346553

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.000850531

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0006350095

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0004346559

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

7.62248E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.89462E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

1.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

91

Gunning-Fog Score

1.2

Coleman-Liau Index

9.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

1.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

Thank you for being here, and I apologize for starting late.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.44

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0090402806

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0073820331

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0032970504

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0018545768

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0009290413

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005342785

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004917211

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000213627

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001109996

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.53471E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.01169E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

5.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

72.6

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

9.9

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

4.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.4

Sprache Readability Score

2.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Joe Biden

Admiral, I don't want to ruin your reputation, but your testimony is music to my ears and I think to many here.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0.254

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.7375667337

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.4264359362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1331317471

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.026434593

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0052835967

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0025112728

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0018125324

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.62376E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.36353E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.5443E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.7137E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

61.5

Gunning-Fog Score

12.4

Coleman-Liau Index

7.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4

Sprache Readability Score

3.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

4

Joe Biden

Now, that may hurt you. I am not at all certain. But if Senator -- I noticed Senator Lugar nodding, as well, so that may help you, and I suspect Senator Hagel shares some of the same admiration for what you've had to say.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0.596

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.3475288395

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0252854603

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0125063292

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0050043836

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0037099675

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0029510818

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0010132126

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0009844326

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0005292242

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002579473

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.64405E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

5.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

78.2

Gunning-Fog Score

6.7

Coleman-Liau Index

7.2

SMOG Index

9.9

Automated Readability Index

4.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.4

Sprache Readability Score

3.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Joe Biden

If you will allow us, it would be -- we all three have a keen, keen interest in what you had to say. And rather than do what we usually do, is one of us leave and go vote and the others come, all three of us are very much interested. Would you indulge us, and we'll recess for 10 minutes, run over and vote and come back, because --

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.95551

VADER

0.893

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.037188339

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0114473114

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0007755376

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005954021

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004541854

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.000411442

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002574831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.71359E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.80086E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.77927E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.6458E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

78.1

Gunning-Fog Score

11.4

Coleman-Liau Index

5.6

SMOG Index

9.9

Automated Readability Index

7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

10

William L. Owens

Sure, Senator.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.318

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.2678183373

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1561792335

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0372103968

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0022062122

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0014445599

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0007009137

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006382967

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.7721E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.35067E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.13735E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.04381E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

35.6

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

5.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

Joe Biden

We very much want to speak to you. OK?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.544

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.8212656714

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0822038506

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0382876722

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0031883599

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0010299361

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0007489508

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0005068875

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002301799

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001485191

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.14537E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.73197E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

1.8

Coleman-Liau Index

2.5

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2

Sprache Readability Score

1.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

William L. Owens

Thank you.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.9372101165

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0294005644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0168838742

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0049257163

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0034750145

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0021668244

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005333067

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0004296362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002418712

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001553412

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.84026E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.1

Sprache Readability Score

0.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

0

Joe Biden

Thank you. We'll recess for 10 minutes.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.3934655804

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0180514442

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0173707376

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0021726635

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.001882546

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.001062761

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000653621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0005793676

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001308823

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.51601E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.56176E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

1.4

Coleman-Liau Index

7.7

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.4

Sprache Readability Score

1.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Note

[Recess.]

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Hate

0.0731716049

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0567484181

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.051756145

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0299688923

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0084293977

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0025062007

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0004605926

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002730459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001166557

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.70148E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.7091E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

Gunning-Fog Score

Coleman-Liau Index

SMOG Index

Automated Readability Index

Dale-Chall Readability Score

Sprache Readability Score

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

Sprache Difficult Word Count

Joe Biden

The hearing will come to order. Since Senator Lugar got back here first, why don't you begin with the questions?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.4205517471

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.3375407541

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1892672619

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0301379972

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0240928246

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0038398499

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.00175558

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004795922

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.90343E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.12481E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.893E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

4.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

78.2

Gunning-Fog Score

6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.4

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

4.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.1

Sprache Readability Score

2.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

4

Richard Lugar

Well, thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.557

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.582338497

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.2063262742

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1279092394

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0971550238

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0112922637

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0026952614

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0007563632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001507156

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001223707

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001058768

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.16029E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

94.5

Gunning-Fog Score

1.4

Coleman-Liau Index

9.4

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.7

Sprache Readability Score

1.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Richard Lugar

Admiral Owens, the suggestions that you have made and that the chairman has already commented on received many assenting nods and I think they are a good collection of suggestions from which to proceed. I want to ask about two or three of them.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.671

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.7149396464

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.066763605

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0352325238

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0064402149

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0055237677

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0026111311

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0013222382

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006522411

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0005365983

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002893344

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002573632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57.6

Gunning-Fog Score

14.3

Coleman-Liau Index

10.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.7

Sprache Readability Score

4.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Richard Lugar

First of all, you talked about the transparency through monitoring from satellites from -- in a real-time situation. Could you provide more detail on your views on how this might work.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence > Graphic

0.0565318565

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.018626127

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0052411015

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0014325366

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.000619377

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001021831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.48224E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

6.61036E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.3865E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.06857E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.6547E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

62.8

Gunning-Fog Score

11.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

8.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.3

Sprache Readability Score

3.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

Richard Lugar

Let us say, for example, that our government had a list of countries with weapons-of-mass-destruction and associated laboratories and materials. As I understand your proposal, we would do our best, through national tactical means, rather intelligence means, to divine where these places are and what they are doing. Ideally, we would have cooperation with Russia in that respect and maybe other countries, who, in the same spirit of the current war effort, are sharing intelligence, because this is the heart of the matter with regard to success in the war against terrorism.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.41176

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.41176

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.82098

VADER

0.958

Very Positive

Moderation

Hate

0.0092286733

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0080590195

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0046239613

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0034548586

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008345729

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001873104

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.22222E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.49466E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.93831E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.5056E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.7761E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

39.3

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

24

Sprache Difficult Word Count

28

Richard Lugar

So let us say we get this cooperation. How would we accomplish this task? Can you actually launch enough satellites to maintain real-time imagery in a way that, as you've suggested, the whole world monitors what is going on, and can detect telltale signs that could lead to action based upon the evidence that is produced.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.58779

VADER

0.422

Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.87676882

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

1.6504399478

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.7586576976

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0410148874

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0187658152

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.018582544

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0111515088

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0060354439

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005145017

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.00952E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.64468E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

61.4

Gunning-Fog Score

13.2

Coleman-Liau Index

10.9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.7

Sprache Readability Score

4.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

William L. Owens

Right, Senator. Well, I think it is at the crux of the issue on the information umbrella. It is really in this Nation's capability today to do much more with information technology than we do in DOD and in our other agencies. The information umbrella, I think, can be constructed of existing technology. It's not a future kind of thing, but it is a different cultural kind of thing. It is to lead with our information strength -- not to lead with ships and tanks and airplanes, but to lead with information technology. And I think what that means is, yes, there are satellites, and, of course, they are orbiting and passing, and so you don't get continuous information, but we do have these remarkable new technical capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles, the Global Hawk, at 70,000 feet above an area, pretty much out of the range of most surface-to-air missile systems and, if used wisely, can be kept outside of the range of missile systems. We have Predators, and we have long-range systems that have the ability to detect moving targets on the ground with what we call "MTI sensors."

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

3.13549

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.75

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.75

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.81529

VADER

0.978

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.9300351143

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.4844165407

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.2805010648

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1124161296

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0030115702

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0013387137

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.001160016

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0010183323

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0006128071

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002046927

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.00011751

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.8

Gunning-Fog Score

15.3

Coleman-Liau Index

10.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

48

Sprache Difficult Word Count

42

William L. Owens

If you put these various sensors together -- and we have companies in the commercial marketplace in this country that can do that readily with new software -- Java, C++ -- tying together data links and sensor links, and then being able to deliver the 24-hour-a-day, real-time, all-weather picture of a large area. A hundred-mile diameter I think is very doable. And if you knew four or five places in the world that were suspect -- maybe it's Pyong Yang, North Korea; maybe it is Iraq, and we know pretty much, I think, where those facilities might be -- then we could lead with the information umbrella, establish with our friends and allies in the region that this is meant to be a deterrent position, and deliver demarches to the Iraqis to the extent -- or the North Koreans or whoever the suspect country is -- that, "Here is a list of things you may not do. You may not move vehicles from one facility to another. You may not have people going in or out of that facility. And the answer to your getting this new kind of sanctions lifted is to allow full-time inspectors on the ground."

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.02165

VADER

0.586

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1086513046

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0895320496

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0094404975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0066246816

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0044969529

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011528201

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0004466517

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001579888

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.000145129

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001321572

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.86389E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

51.6

Gunning-Fog Score

17.9

Coleman-Liau Index

9.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

41

Sprache Difficult Word Count

40

William L. Owens

I think much of that could be dealt with either quietly, in diplomatic circles, or openly. We have the technical ability to do this in several areas around the world. It is our great strength, this information technology, and I think this is the kind of thing that might make for real deterrence for someone who is considering doing some bad things with weapons of mass destruction.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

-0.128

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.3252807111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.3344581695

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0453952263

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.029879564

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0264280941

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0082136779

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.007089159

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002978855

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001834758

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.68806E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.401E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.4

Gunning-Fog Score

16.1

Coleman-Liau Index

11.4

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.6

Sprache Readability Score

4.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

15

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Joe Biden

Does the Senator mind if I intervened? I think you're dead right. It's one of those ideas that seems to be so self evident that it would make sense to do it -- I always wonder why we don't. But you indicated the need for surveillance systems that are out of the range of surface-to- air missiles. It would seem to me that that wouldn't matter, that obviously, if someone uses a surface-to-air, by definition, there is a problem, and we should be able to build that in.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.99853

VADER

-0.792

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.0322083768

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0096604264

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0034777266

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0015940785

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0010266313

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004404464

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0002707408

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002252592

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001822295

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001286448

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001166294

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

73.9

Gunning-Fog Score

10.3

Coleman-Liau Index

7.8

SMOG Index

10.5

Automated Readability Index

6.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

William L. Owens

Senator, I agree. There is this issue that -- with the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles and, therefore, the ability to preclude loss of life when one of them is shot down, that as soon as someone shoots at one, you know from whence the missile came, and you can put a missile quickly onto that spot, and at least that missile site won't shoot down the next unmanned aerial vehicle. So I think there are some very interesting deterrent policies that can be built around that kind of capability.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.707

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0602565415

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0373763178

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0067623318

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0041360359

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0002075097

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001401644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.2664E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.3813E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.0427E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.1314E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.233E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.1

Gunning-Fog Score

16.8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

22

Sprache Difficult Word Count

23

Joe Biden

Excuse me for interrupting.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

-0.226

Slightly Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.1629721606

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0291997974

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0215179083

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0135131471

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.007098975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013498194

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004975112

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001796827

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001123034

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.98721E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.34904E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

33.6

Gunning-Fog Score

11.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

7.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.1

Sprache Readability Score

1.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Richard Lugar

No, that's all right. But let me carry this further. Now, this is not hypothetical, because we're in a war against terrorism, and a good number of us have suggested that this means seriously making certain that every area that has weapons of mass destruction or materials is secure. Now, we would ask, for example, of our friends in Pakistan and India to make certain that -- whatever they have, that it's secure. It is imperative as far as we're concerned, and the rest of the world, that these weapons do not fall into the wrong hands.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.3979

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.37949

VADER

-0.875

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0269511278

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0107377113

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0086103224

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.005815901

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0030818181

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0025176825

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006723552

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004401273

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002732384

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.88582E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.6038E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

64

Gunning-Fog Score

11.8

Coleman-Liau Index

10

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

8.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.7

Sprache Readability Score

4.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Richard Lugar

Now, at some point, we may run into somebody who seriously objects to this -- perhaps the Iraqis, who would say, "Well, it's none of your business." Now, at this point, it's been proposed by some that we would ultimately get into a military conflict over the access to their suspected WMD sites. If what you're saying follows through -- for example, you issue demarches. You say, "You cannot run a truck up to the plant, or people cannot come and go." Well, let's say the Iraqi leader says, "Let's test the system." And so, in fact, two trucks drive up. Now, at this point, there is a big difference, obviously, between an all-out war against Iraq and what might be called a "surgical strike" in which the two trucks are eliminated. In other words, to follow this through, you have maybe a different kind of tactic for a successful war against weapons of mass destruction, proliferation, interdiction of all of this.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.44

Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.44

Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.90287

VADER

-0.915

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.6253348663

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.450881198

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0575956481

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0520248956

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.011050469

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0041326173

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011815613

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0008510024

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0007069858

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.00044821

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0003894538

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

63.4

Gunning-Fog Score

12.3

Coleman-Liau Index

10

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

30

Sprache Difficult Word Count

35

Richard Lugar

Am I moving well beyond the curve of the doable? You start with diplomacy, but the information may also lead to military action, and it could be very specific. In the same way that, in Afghanistan, we tried very hard to have no collateral damage through precision guided munitions and command, control, and communication capabilities combining ground, air, and naval forces. And is this doable as we get into this larger situation of multiple nations and many threats of proliferation?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.16705

VADER

-0.912

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0047585982

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0045137258

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0040285595

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0009463327

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0004810603

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002690046

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002065878

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.87223E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.34943E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.03813E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.474E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.6

Gunning-Fog Score

14.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

26

Sprache Difficult Word Count

29

William L. Owens

Well, Senator, I think you raise a number of interesting points. I do believe that -- and when I was the Vice Chairman, I did a number of studies inside the JROC environment and the joint warfare capability assessments that, with the fusion of these many sensors, you really can see very, very clearly with very high resolution the area that you are looking at. Probably some of those technologies we shouldn't talk about in open hearing, but there is a great capability to integrate SIGINT and HUMINT and IMINT, imagery intelligence, and MASINT, the sum of all of the INTs, if you will, into a fused picture of that area.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.63599

VADER

0.933

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.1156176925

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.5507863127

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.2234269865

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0574542151

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0138612086

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0047595153

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.003471411

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0020132227

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003916606

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.81258E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.17342E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

35.8

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

10.6

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

William L. Owens

We do have the ability to do that, but we don't do it for some reason, because one platform belongs to one agency or service and another one belongs to another, and the data links don't work together, and the COM structure doesn't work together. So, for some reason, we haven't quite gotten to the stage where we could do it, but that's not because of lack of technology, it's because of the culture in which we live.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.25131

VADER

0.301

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.4361280724

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

1.796140708

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.4721653182

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0675252813

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0623085711

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0192063351

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0097517317

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0028375787

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.00084735

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002189148

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.32356E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50.1

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

8.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

William L. Owens

Now, if we saw information technology as truly being our great strength, then I think we have the ability to do the kinds of things that you suggest. And we have also the great precision and flexibility to tune the policy to the situation. If, in fact, Saddam Hussein started to drive trucks with women and children down the road, we may find a way to deal with this that isn't to target every truck, but you could make it very public that we are going to do this, and then if he does it, it is he who is responsible, not we.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.8

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.8

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.84583

VADER

0.909

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1217044541

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0564767281

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.007936242

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0034560977

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0024240317

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0017222897

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0009984733

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.43515E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.02105E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.39936E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.4629E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57

Gunning-Fog Score

17.2

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

William L. Owens

So I just think that there is an enormous capability here, in our country and no other country, that we should take advantage of strategically. And, you know, if we're worried about the North Koreans launching a ballistic missile, then we should have this kind of information umbrella over that launch erector. And when they erect, that would be the one thing we say, "Do not take a missile to the launch pad, and do not erect." And --

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.29928

VADER

-0.34

Somewhat Negative

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.347761414

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.1944720745

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0937319943

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.009490033

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0083785249

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0032005453

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0017799402

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0013999492

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011090956

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0003280035

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.000155802

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

66.7

Gunning-Fog Score

11.9

Coleman-Liau Index

9.9

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

8.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Joe Biden

And if you do --

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

9.8954215646

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.8797256276

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2566351555

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1078562462

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1058061374

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0080159822

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0025457517

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0018116942

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004820104

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.51155E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.3165E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

1.6

Coleman-Liau Index

0

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.2

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

0

Joe Biden

Admiral Owens [continuing]. If you do, then we will A, B, and C. And, of course, we have an ability with a range of precision weapons to be able to respond quickly. I think of the Army ATACMS as a great weapon for putting together with the information umbrella. As you know, it's the only conventional ballistic missile, like the Scud, in the American inventory; except, for us, it works. And it goes very quickly, because it's ballistic. It gets there in a matter of one fifth or less the time that a cruise missile or an airplane would take. And so you can respond very precisely and very quickly to things that are happening that America doesn't want to see happen.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.8

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.8

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.84583

VADER

0.728

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0367053959

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0084306666

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0070185968

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.004469795

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0015221989

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0008797073

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007844795

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002608906

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

9.44844E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.89313E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.36194E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

66.3

Gunning-Fog Score

9.7

Coleman-Liau Index

9.1

SMOG Index

10.8

Automated Readability Index

6.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

23

Sprache Difficult Word Count

26

Joe Biden

And I think you could build a real coalition among our allies around such concepts, where it's doing good for the right reasons. So I believe it's technically possible. I think it's very, very much doable.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.44

Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.2157304902

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.1149195945

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0053245258

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0021462196

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.002094577

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0018097307

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002104059

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001412993

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001244114

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.8547E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

4.61877E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

6.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

67.8

Gunning-Fog Score

8.1

Coleman-Liau Index

10.7

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

5.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.2

Sprache Readability Score

2.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

6

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

Richard Lugar

Mr. Chairman, I'll not belabor this issue, but I would just say that both of us have shared, throughout the past few months, both anxiety and exasperation as we've tried to examine why the agencies of our government couldn't track the money or actions of terrorists. And again and again, you run through all the jurisdictional hassles, the computers that don't work, the people who don't cooperate.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-2.3979

VADER

-0.681

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0290750671

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0053613589

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0041148229

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.002715452

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0022197759

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0012165102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001214736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.45679E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.94131E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.90693E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.6599E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

54.1

Gunning-Fog Score

15.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Richard Lugar

These are tough tasks institutionally. Our government really wasn't organized to handle these threats. But nevertheless, intelligent Americans have got to try to get over these barriers and put these things together, because an awful lot depends upon it. And I just appreciate your taking this time, first, to raise the issue and then, second, in a very concise way, from your expertise, to say that it's doable. And our problem is, I suppose, to spur on our leaders to do it and to keep raising those questions and trying to have that platform.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.38462

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.38462

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.74721

VADER

-0.511

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1737307874

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1088680932

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0532630016

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0361585029

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0234607782

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0152199689

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005256343

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001684963

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001617065

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.75805E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.18E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

60

Gunning-Fog Score

12.2

Coleman-Liau Index

11.4

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

26

Richard Lugar

Mr. Chairman, as just an exit question -- and it's really more than that -- but I'd just simply note that Admiral Owens mentioned again the problem of the tactical missiles. And the fact is that the Russians have never really wanted to engage in talking about tactical missiles. It's a subject that, as soon it comes up, it moves away.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.20067

VADER

0.448

Positive

Moderation

Violence

4.5514818281

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.3638091497

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.171179371

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.030250955

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0236273409

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0076278455

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004651467

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000112405

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.61751E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

8.63261E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.64342E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

67.1

Gunning-Fog Score

8.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.2

SMOG Index

9.7

Automated Readability Index

6.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5

Sprache Readability Score

3.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Richard Lugar

On the other hand, whether they want to or not, I'm just want to ask the witness, from his own experience, and maybe you've found some Russians to be more forthcoming. If not, how do we really get into this in a big way? Because otherwise, as you say, we've dealt with the large-missile warhead predicament, but the thousands of tactical weapons, many in Russia, at least as I understand their point of view, are a substitute for that. The maintenance of the old stuff and the big stuff is costly, even dangerous. As maintenance declines, then an accident might happen. Whereas, the tactical weapons are perceived as something else, that, as you downsize ambitions and downsize your program, you maybe downsize the size of the weapon. And that sort of fits the scope.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.70805

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.28571

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.28571

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.54654

VADER

-0.96

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1518653473

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0469496707

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0302332541

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0128765736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0063749998

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0061992003

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0035958623

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0014714881

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0004693559

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002651434

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.53432E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

66.3

Gunning-Fog Score

12.2

Coleman-Liau Index

10.6

SMOG Index

11.6

Automated Readability Index

9.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

35

Richard Lugar

Do you have any comment as to what the steps are to proceed to get more activity there?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Harassment

0.237195706

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0295741338

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.01879341

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0096044423

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0087770677

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008482111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001662259

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.21854E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.12045E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.5452E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.65015E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

75.8

Gunning-Fog Score

9.4

Coleman-Liau Index

6.8

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

5.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.5

Sprache Readability Score

3.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

William L. Owens

Yes, sir. Well, I think that, you know, that roles have shifted after the end of the cold war, with now the Russian military being conventionally inferior to what the NATO armies would be. It used to feel the other way around. And so we and our NATO allies thought it was very important to have tactical nuclear weapons to offset the conventional strength of the Russian military -- the Soviet military.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.61904

VADER

-0.112

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.4129145294

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.3457061481

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1133771497

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0336393976

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0066722059

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.003903461

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0034231256

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0013511318

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0006814747

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004891553

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001081881

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

53

Gunning-Fog Score

11.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.8

SMOG Index

11.8

Automated Readability Index

8.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

4.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

William L. Owens

Today, it feels the other way to the Russians. And I suspect they're holding onto the tactical nuclear weapons as a hedge against our conventional strength. But as we move, as the administration seems to be, to a new kind of relationship with the Russians, both in the nuclear world, as well as the conventional world, and we start, I hope, to see the Russians more like England and France than like the old Soviet enemy, then we should have very much on the table this issue of tactical nuclear weapons, as you said, and really get to the core of getting rid of them if we can.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.16667

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.16667

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.31015

VADER

0.242

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.8532567881

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0538268709

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0451451546

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0242049282

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0092878334

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0012296298

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005413084

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004867908

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000217956

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.47247E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.406E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

51.2

Gunning-Fog Score

17.4

Coleman-Liau Index

9.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

22

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

William L. Owens

A part of that is our own problem, I think, which is that many policymakers in our country believe that the NATO nuclear force is critical to holding NATO together and to having a genuine capability -- against what, I'm not sure, unless it's the Russians. But then again, we're together with the Russians. And now we have the new agreement with the Russians to actually be much more present with us in NATO.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.25131

VADER

-0.292

Slightly Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0688165193

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0495250279

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0160912095

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0077450313

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0060257134

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0027261292

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0012950353

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001962614

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001431007

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.9771E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.658E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

54.7

Gunning-Fog Score

13.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.3

Sprache Readability Score

4.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

19

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

William L. Owens

So in that regard, it just seems to me that we should find a way that we, ourselves, come to grips with the fact that NATO does not need a nuclear force, a nuclear umbrella. An American umbrella of some kind that is used to protect Europe -- against what, again, I would ask. And that should be step one in leading us to a decision that we should undertake serious, serious dialog with the Russians to go to zero on tactical nuclear weapons and dramatically affect the business of proliferation.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.43508

VADER

-0.226

Slightly Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0469769759

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0125813254

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.007744271

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0075477459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0070514754

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0017440741

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012455367

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0010984076

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005639408

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002689002

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.87447E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50.4

Gunning-Fog Score

16.4

Coleman-Liau Index

9.9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

23

Sprache Difficult Word Count

23

William L. Owens

And again, this brings us back, then, when you go to zero, and while we're getting more Nunn-Lugar money to help us truly destroy the weapons, what do we do with them? And I would find a place to store them under U.S.-Russian-international control -- where there is transparency and security -- while we're getting ready to destroy them.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.58779

VADER

-0.103

Leans Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.9295874275

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0336172263

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0310131727

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0056404209

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0015619309

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013955118

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.000714939

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0006049975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001790986

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001273041

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001137477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

6.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

73.5

Gunning-Fog Score

8.1

Coleman-Liau Index

9.4

SMOG Index

8.2

Automated Readability Index

6.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.3

Sprache Readability Score

3.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

13

Richard Lugar

Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.612

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0461408141

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0276165811

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0114421819

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0092183574

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.003422688

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0011002831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003485264

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001219091

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.37289E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.42714E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.51955E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

9.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

Admiral, you're doing today what you did when you were at the Pentagon, and that is you're forcing people to think a little out of the box here.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.318

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0880683889

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0036596972

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0028743494

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.000586022

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005476108

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0004093059

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002298292

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001612099

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.81244E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.60509E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.9004E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

69.6

Gunning-Fog Score

11.2

Coleman-Liau Index

7.7

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

11.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.6

Sprache Readability Score

4.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

5

Joe Biden

One of my great disappointments after 30 years in this committee is we all used to use the phrase you used earlier -- I can't remember exactly what you said -- but "it's trite to say" -- I think you were referring to "this is a new world." It really is drastically different, but I don't think, including the Nuclear Posture Review, that we've really -- there's any really fundamentally new thinking. And the thinking that's taking place, it concerns me it's going in the opposite direction that we should be thinking about.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.20067

VADER

-0.166

Leans Negative

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.0707514526

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0383081555

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0135290698

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0079321937

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0009462848

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002333552

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001648339

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001420466

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001243886

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

9.31491E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.21417E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.4

Gunning-Fog Score

18.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

Joe Biden

Let me explain what I mean by that, and I'm going to ask you to comment on this. With regard to the notion of having 24- hour eyes watching suspect sites in countries, you've testified, and others have privately briefed me, that that's fully within our capability. It costs a lot of money. It's fully within our capability to do that. And yet we're talking about dealing with those suspect sites as the rationale for spending a minimum of a hundred billion. And if it's a layered system, it could be a trillion, depending on what they mean by "layered," for a national missile defense. When, in fact, the ultimate national missile defense is taking it out before it's fired. I mean, it seems to me that's the ultimate national missile defense.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.43532

VADER

-0.671

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.3393917577

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.019325703

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0106636922

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0079702644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0037033504

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.001074663

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000808017

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001037344

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.99006E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.07662E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.0709E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

63.8

Gunning-Fog Score

11.8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.1

SMOG Index

11.6

Automated Readability Index

7.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

37

Sprache Difficult Word Count

34

Joe Biden

Second, it doesn't require a nuclear weapon to take it out -- "it," whatever "it" is -- before "it" is fired. And yet we seem to be moving in a direction -- and this crosses party lines -- where the answer to the emerging threat is another incredibly cumbersome and expensive and highly technical system that has incredible limitations once you get beyond ballistic missiles. As you said, cruise missiles sitting off the shore is -- I mean, any missile defense is absolutely useless to deal with that -- I mean, national missile defenses.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.95551

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.43508

VADER

-0.818

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0087205532

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0016409442

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0016363669

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.001212489

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0007891565

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.000150988

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

9.58258E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.54555E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.6958E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.76018E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.74374E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.5

Gunning-Fog Score

18.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

24

Sprache Difficult Word Count

28

Joe Biden

At the same time, the thing that concerns me about the -- even though there's not much that's fundamentally new in the NPR -- is it seems to -- in another -- to steal a phrase from a totally different context, teaching constitutional law -- it seems to "squint toward" nuclear testing and new nuclear weapons.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.94591

VADER

-0.727

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.00497484

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0026519736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0014656731

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0010318993

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0009798459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004070459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003643313

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003155285

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002139461

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.05701E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.31626E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

30.7

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

11.6

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Joe Biden

So it seems what we're doing is -- we have two gigantic advantages relative to the rest of the world. One is our conventional capability -- gigantic advantage. I can't think of any time in American history where, relative to any other single nation or combination of nations, our conventional capability was as disparately disproportionate, in terms of capability. And, second, our technology capability to look and see what's going on.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.77778

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.77778

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.7346

VADER

0.542

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0485174125

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0212467174

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0128240208

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0060650767

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0048658261

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005534791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.000378295

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001346986

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.11317E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.2902E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.02665E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

27.5

Gunning-Fog Score

16.8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Joe Biden

And we seem to be taking those two gigantic advantages and cashing them in, in a sense, or not cashing them in, for two areas that are our biggest disadvantage, although we have a great advantage, in relative terms. Why the hell would we want to have a conflict on the nuclear side of the equation and encourage nations to conclude they had to beef up that capability or acquire it, when, in fact, that could do us, notwithstanding our superiority on the nuclear side of the equation, great damage; whereas, if we, in effect, were to downplay or foreswear -- "foreswear" is too strong a word -- move in the opposite direction of making it much more difficult for anyone to acquire, either by justifying their actions relative to ours or by us and the rest of the world allowing them to gain that capacity, we yield an advantage. I mean, I don't understand what -- and I realize this is -- I'm talking in broad trends, but am I missing something here?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.26826

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.93156

VADER

0.471

Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0311150536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0308814633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0221341848

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0059706817

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0036513098

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0019932555

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0008038912

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0006998003

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001122384

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.07991E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.59875E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

23.9

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

10

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

44

Sprache Difficult Word Count

44

Joe Biden

Am I missing something about the trend that seems to be continuing, which is -- and it's not just this administration; the last administration never got off this wicket, either -- of we've got to figure out better tactical nuclear weapons, earth- penetrating nuclear weapons, weapons that have a different capacity, intercept capability in, you know, mid-course, possibly weaponizing space, et cetera, when, in fact, it seems the answer lies in our incredible existing advantages in the two areas where no one's realistically going to be able to compete with us in the near term. I'm not being facetious when I say -- am I missing something here?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8873

VADER

-0.893

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment > Threatening

0.0355254859

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0119284559

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0093950119

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0057716563

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.002012808

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0012866421

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007584551

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0006388942

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004133439

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0001611777

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001425339

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

11.8

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

30

Sprache Difficult Word Count

32

William L. Owens

Well, Senator, that's a big question, and --

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

0.273

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0086421242

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0024073574

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0020118197

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0014463781

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0012363533

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0011259585

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002679895

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.92632E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.7411E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.60036E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.3979E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

78.9

Gunning-Fog Score

2.8

Coleman-Liau Index

10.2

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

2.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.6

Sprache Readability Score

1.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Joe Biden

I'm probably -- I'm missing a lot, I'm sure, but, I mean, in terms of these broad strokes, am I right about the direction we seem to be going, relative to the direction we should be going?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.013

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.0073968731

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0044396205

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0017339611

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0009134081

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0004026733

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002577993

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000113812

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.64544E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.4922E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.3747E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.8262E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

62.2

Gunning-Fog Score

18.8

Coleman-Liau Index

7.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

7

William L. Owens

You know, sir, our culture doesn't allow us to be very radical in the way we change. We seem to have been built around the force that was designed, in an organizational and cultural sense, by Napoleon, and we have a lot of difficulty getting away from that.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.20067

VADER

-0.395

Somewhat Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0053815154

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0011079771

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0006895991

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001864876

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001485922

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

3.24709E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

2.16343E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.20494E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.09543E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.8119E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.173E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57.3

Gunning-Fog Score

12.9

Coleman-Liau Index

9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

9

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

William L. Owens

When you start from that and say it's not a matter of the technology or the capability or what smart people would do, it's a matter of things like the Army-Navy game or West Point or Annapolis, wonderful institutions, and should we put naval people into West Point for a year, and West Pointers into Annapolis for a year. And the answer to that is always, "Absolutely not." I can't imagine why the answer is "absolutely not," but it's the same answer that causes your frustration with this issue, because it's culture. It is the Army-Navy game, and we all love the Army-Navy game and the culture of it and the battle between services.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.46667

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.46667

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.93827

VADER

0.5

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0129107895

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0074372459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0022742362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0018294571

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0017283975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0012890114

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

6.72751E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.31173E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.39295E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.56931E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.0688E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.8

Gunning-Fog Score

14.4

Coleman-Liau Index

9.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

15

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

William L. Owens

But it's also true that when I became a commander, at 20 years in the service, I knew nothing about the Army, and I knew navies around the world much better personally and professionally than I knew the American Army. And so that kind of culture doesn't help us with the quandary that you have articulated.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.42857

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.78846

VADER

0.637

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.124680961

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0126505329

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0064386557

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0064036183

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0047351456

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0035973473

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0006415501

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000128599

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

7.18885E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.85326E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.01226E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50

Gunning-Fog Score

14.8

Coleman-Liau Index

9.6

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.6

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

11

William L. Owens

I think that we do have an ability to change radically, and we must, as you said, because the world has changed. I agree with you. I think that it doesn't cost a lot of money to put in place these new technologies of information umbrellas if we were able to simply take all of technologies we have today and put them together. It's not -- this is not multi-billion-dollar kind of stuff, I think.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.58779

VADER

0.586

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0084723652

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0051880481

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0020263398

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003319307

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0002936465

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002514063

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001202821

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.61234E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.9763E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.6067E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

1.1512E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

70.7

Gunning-Fog Score

11.8

Coleman-Liau Index

8

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

7.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.8

Sprache Readability Score

4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

9

Sprache Difficult Word Count

13

William L. Owens

The national missile defense issue, I am sympathetic with your position. We need to do a lot of testing and a lot of R&D. The deployment of these national systems, I think, is problematic. It takes a long time. It's questionable technology. But the regional technology, to strike in the boost phase or, as we talked before, with an information umbrella, to put a conventional weapon precisely on that spot, is not Flash Gordon stuff, and it needs to be very much part of our arsenal.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.16705

VADER

-0.077

Neutral

Moderation

Sexual

0.0354459509

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0049658011

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0044019609

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0031891537

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0007611295

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002843048

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001600582

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001467218

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.9779E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.6246E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.1642E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

58.5

Gunning-Fog Score

13.2

Coleman-Liau Index

10.3

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

6.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.1

Sprache Readability Score

4.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

24

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

William L. Owens

So I'm very much in agreement with you on most of your points. I do think that Secretary Rumsfeld has been trying very hard to institute real transformation and change, but there is a great resistance inside the system. There are bureaucracies two or three levels down that preclude this kind of movement. And you've know them better than I. But whatever we need now, it's leadership from the top to really make for substantive change in these areas.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.61904

VADER

0.928

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0807437114

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0066650769

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0052608058

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012621057

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0005848206

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005301728

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001942122

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001386717

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.47135E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.30928E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

3.7989E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

69.8

Gunning-Fog Score

10.9

Coleman-Liau Index

11.2

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

8.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Joe Biden

Well, let me ask two specific questions. In my experience, and especially in the last 3 or 4 years, dealing with, meeting with, heads of state, Foreign Ministers, Defense Ministers, one of the things that I've concluded is -- part of our dilemma internationally is I don't ever recall our allies questioning our motives as often as occurs now. And in my estimation, one of the ways to deal with that is to, in effect, use it in a different context, have more transparency, in that being able to make the case to our allies why we're taking the action that we're taking and why we're suggesting the action we're suggesting.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.58779

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.37949

VADER

0.128

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0190170555

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0010064291

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0009606477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0009300315

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0003419621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000283501

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

8.8321E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

6.2908E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.1894E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.1489E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.263E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.7

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

10.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

25

Sprache Difficult Word Count

29

Joe Biden

And on the issue of being able to unify our intelligence capability in a way that would be able to give us real-time observation, I'm of the view that that would be greeted with an overwhelming positive response, particularly by our allies and many others, and it would have an ancillary impact, which is that it would fundamentally impact on their view of our motivation and hegemony and all the things that they second guess about our various actions or our assertions.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.77778

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.77778

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.7346

VADER

0.881

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0159687173

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0083225445

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0022462476

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013271423

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0011927149

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008168332

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007484352

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002648995

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.48792E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.1394E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.967E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

11.4

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

23

Sprache Difficult Word Count

23

Joe Biden

Now, I am not so naive, as having done this this long, to think that this would be easy to do. But as I understand what you're suggesting, in terms of the intelligence capability that you're talking about unifying, is that this would be something that would be open and shared with other nations, as opposed to us having these "eyes in the sky," if you will, intersected with all other INTEL that we have and then us, after the fact, sharing this information. It would be nice --

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.22378

VADER

0.919

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0049522805

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0043031156

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0023732338

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0022290205

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005231198

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001937053

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001797236

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.50927E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.4219E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.33E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.397E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

58.8

Gunning-Fog Score

15.8

Coleman-Liau Index

9.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

15

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Joe Biden

At any rate, what is your assessment of the likelihood of other nations greeting positively this notion were we to embark on such an effort?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.718

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0329298957

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0287344039

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.021001602

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0055266915

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0027261682

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0009954279

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003702529

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002947884

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001765538

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001594102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.62691E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

46.1

Gunning-Fog Score

14.8

Coleman-Liau Index

11

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

4.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

William L. Owens

Well, Senator, I think that most nations, as you said, are looking for transparency. They want to do the right things. They want to stand by our side. And often the issue is whether they know as much as we know.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.19722

VADER

0.402

Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0030173887

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0015569563

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0008924228

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0004556035

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0002577602

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001446996

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.59383E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.8952E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.5266E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.547E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.256E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

3.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

91.2

Gunning-Fog Score

5.1

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

7.3

Automated Readability Index

2.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.8

Sprache Readability Score

2.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

6

Sprache Difficult Word Count

6

William L. Owens

They do have some capabilities in these areas, both satellite and other sensors. They could be a part of this, or not, and we share the information. But I am grandly in favor of sharing much more information with our friends. We can be very selective about the kinds of things that we can share without giving up critical national capabilities. But we're out there around the world today with the British and the Australians and the Canadians, and they are as though we are one force. And the more we can be open with them, in my view, the better off we're going to be.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.43508

VADER

0.907

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.0151056636

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0085578758

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0068303241

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0010667567

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0002256874

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001056733

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.73521E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.23554E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

4.26339E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.3439E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.69E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

70

Gunning-Fog Score

10.1

Coleman-Liau Index

9.2

SMOG Index

10.6

Automated Readability Index

7.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.3

Sprache Readability Score

4.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

20

William L. Owens

It's not unusual, in some instances, to find your wing man being from one of those very close allied countries. And if your son is flying in that airplane, you want to make sure that the wing man has every bit of technology that he can have to work with us. And so I think that transparency of information is very important, and it adds a lot to our credibility in this world.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.29928

VADER

0.567

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.6092067808

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0425717939

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.036504498

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0299624342

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0159488438

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0025137886

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0014613981

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.000793601

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003558566

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001092791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.65414E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

65.1

Gunning-Fog Score

14.1

Coleman-Liau Index

8.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

9

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

William L. Owens

I might also add that, you know, the world of commercial telecoms and IT makes this all easier to share. We've all worried about how we're getting in front of our allies, how they are falling behind. But, indeed, much of this is moving toward a Web-based TCP, IP, high-bandwidth, commercial technology, T1 kind of -- all these new terms -- world in which we can tie ourselves together with new kinds of integrating software that weren't there 5 years ago, some of the Java, the VB, the C++ kinds of software that allow us to tie legacy systems together, and that means tie our systems together with our allies in ways we never thought possible. So there are ways we can do some very interesting things using the commercial technologies that are at the heart of this Nation's great strength right now responsible for much of the productivity of our Nation and could be responsible for the productivity of our foreign policy and for our military capability, as well.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.51635

VADER

0.947

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

11.1195757985

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.5069917068

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.4902050365

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0400627701

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0262506481

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0126697763

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001760073

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.36933E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.23478E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.1673E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.241E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

38.3

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

10.6

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

37

Sprache Difficult Word Count

40

Joe Biden

Well, Admiral, I have so many more questions, as I'm sure Senator Lugar does. I'd like to ask your permission if we could submit several to you in writing and ask whether you'd be willing to come, either in a public or in a private setting, to discuss some of these ideas with us further.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.29928

VADER

0.802

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

51.1471033096

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

18.6185196042

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

16.1857321858

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.7026046813

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

2.4688033387

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0298676343

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0239730536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0042664306

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0020052787

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0009715674

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.36044E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57.4

Gunning-Fog Score

13.2

Coleman-Liau Index

8.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

William L. Owens

It's a pleasure, Senator. Thank you very much for having me here today.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.735

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

3.5901132971

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

2.9592249542

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1669611665

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1560622477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0226387099

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0167522507

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.002651966

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0018726621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0015665

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0005133939

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001751695

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

4.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

76.6

Gunning-Fog Score

2.6

Coleman-Liau Index

9.1

SMOG Index

7.3

Automated Readability Index

1.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

1.5

Sprache Readability Score

1.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Joe Biden

I particularly am going to submit some questions relative to what I refer to as the "China factor," in terms of our U.S. strategic posture, if I may, but that would take us onto another half hour, I'm afraid. So, Admiral, thank you very, very much. Again, it's been illuminating and encouraging.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.58779

VADER

0.912

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

8.1426352262

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

1.2534876354

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.5716754589

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0118361138

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0107611326

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003456714

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001745615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

9.4395E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.00877E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.5246E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.686E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

62

Gunning-Fog Score

9.5

Coleman-Liau Index

9.4

SMOG Index

10.5

Automated Readability Index

4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.4

Sprache Readability Score

3.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

William L. Owens

Thank you, sir.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.4189472198

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1855441369

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.060418545

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0371161907

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0321626896

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.007665142

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.006198544

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0047171801

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0027365586

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.001462805

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000185558

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

1.2

Coleman-Liau Index

5.7

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.1

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

Joe Biden

Our next panel will begin with a most distinguished scientist, Professor Steven Weinberg, of the University of Texas. In 1979, Professor Weinberg won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Throughout his career, Professor Weinberg has combined cutting-edge work with an ability to explain modern science to the rest of us. His books, "The First Three Minutes" and "Dreams of a Final Theory," have been bestsellers, at least by standards applied to works on physics and big galaxies and tiny particles. Professor Weinberg has also dealt before with the military and political policy implications of modern physics. And he's a former member of JASON, and he was a one-time consultant with the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.63636

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.63636

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.335

VADER

0.9

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.3720029723

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.197416218

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0546064868

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0249603967

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0199212198

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0151497879

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0058651691

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008122253

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.78949E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.12571E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.67448E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.9

Gunning-Fog Score

11.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

44

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Joe Biden

Our second witness in the second panel will be Dr. Loren Thompson, chief operating officer of the Lexington Institute. Dr. Thompson wrote an interesting piece recently in the Wall Street Journal in which he argued essentially -- I hope I'm characterizing it correctly -- that critics in the Nuclear Posture Review should basically calm down, because all the proposals in it were really aimed at buttressing nuclear deterrence. And I'm looking forward to being reassured.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0.71

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0593989738

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0068079091

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0030943283

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0015370764

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0015155647

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012600804

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.001227158

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011866632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0006112119

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000133525

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.71312E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

46

Gunning-Fog Score

12.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

30

Sprache Difficult Word Count

35

Joe Biden

And our final witness has come back again and again for us, Joe Cirincione, director of the Nonproliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He's a man of many talents who's been a frequent witness before this committee, and he was once a staff member of the House Armed Services Committee. He really specializes in the nexus between military and foreign policy, and we will count on him to draw together many of the points of view that will be expressed this morning.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.758

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0996623421

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0135770155

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0109882538

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0067326437

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0013976921

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0011833959

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0004447415

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004376895

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002463255

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.45343E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.3603E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.7

Gunning-Fog Score

15.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

24

Sprache Difficult Word Count

27

Joe Biden

And so can we begin in the order that you've been called? And, Dr. Weinberg, it's an honor and privilege to have you here.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.94591

VADER

0.691

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.049509661

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0020263633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0020053571

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0017350132

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0011883416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005975095

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003009982

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002472293

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001767833

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001408618

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.7963E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

2.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

93

Gunning-Fog Score

4.9

Coleman-Liau Index

6.7

SMOG Index

6.6

Automated Readability Index

0.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.7

Sprache Readability Score

2.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

5

Sprache Difficult Word Count

6

Joe Biden

STATEMENT OF STEVEN WEINBERG, PH.D., WINNER OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS (1979), PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS,

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.861

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.4316580258

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1121684909

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.100712222

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0484308403

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0197808709

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0032264623

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0016500693

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004370659

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.73196E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.1312E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.302E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

6.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

60.5

Gunning-Fog Score

2.7

Coleman-Liau Index

11.5

SMOG Index

7.9

Automated Readability Index

3.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.2

Sprache Readability Score

2.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

10

Barry Weinberg

Thank you, Chairman Biden and Senator Lugar. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to comment on some of the issues raised by the Nuclear Posture Review.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.848

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

3.6800924689

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1768872724

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1729470328

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0507116958

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0336902071

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0304747489

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0297110004

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.01045389

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0009491545

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003885593

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003761894

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

58.4

Gunning-Fog Score

6.9

Coleman-Liau Index

11.7

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

7.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.5

Sprache Readability Score

3.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Barry Weinberg

In the review, the Bush administration announces plans to reduce the number of operationally deployed nuclear weapons from the roughly 6,000 figure we have today to between 1,700 and 2,200 in about 10 years from now. But this number, even after this reduction, would be still vastly more than could be used in retaliation for any other country's use of weapons of mass destruction. And, furthermore, the administration plans to retain about 7,000 intact weapons in various reserves, overhaul and so on. And this is about half the rate of reduction of our nuclear weapons arsenal that would have been called for by the START II and START III agreements. I would say that this isn't liquidating the legacy of the cold war, but desperately hanging onto it.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.36772

VADER

-0.898

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

21.2880909443

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.7927513681

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2574705286

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0265771756

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0076264048

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.004175293

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005442496

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002367377

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

7.03523E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.0309E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.68597E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.5

Gunning-Fog Score

15.4

Coleman-Liau Index

10.5

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

32

Sprache Difficult Word Count

35

Barry Weinberg

There was a rationale for maintaining a very large nuclear arsenal during the cold war. We had to be sure that the Soviets would be deterred from any sort of surprise attack on the United States by the certainty that enough of our arsenal would survive to allow us to deliver a devastating response. And that rationale is now obsolete.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.4

Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.4

Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.76214

VADER

-0.853

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.1594445705

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.090582011

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0645879714

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0476384419

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.018662322

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0126922678

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0007505352

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.58051E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

2.19199E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.3119E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.29904E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.9

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.6

Gunning-Fog Score

14.7

Coleman-Liau Index

11

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Barry Weinberg

There is, however, another possible use of a large nuclear arsenal, which is not entirely obsolete, and that is to launch a preemptive attack against Russian strategic weapons. I say Russia here, because the large size of our arsenal would be irrelevant for a preemptive attack against any other power. But, on the other hand, even if we were unable to neutralize the Soviet deterrent during the cold war, now, as the Russian nuclear forces become increasingly immobile, with their missile-launching submarines tied up at docks and their mobile land-based missiles in fixed garrisons, our nuclear arsenal is large enough to put Russian nuclear forces at risk to a preemptive U.S. first strike. Now, I'm not saying we would do that, but one has to think about the implications of this.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.56495

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.69231

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.69231

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.52606

VADER

-0.717

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

7.9383417964

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1216679462

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0892003358

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0403253711

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0145727448

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0037941354

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003883645

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0003201237

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.000318559

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002921089

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.14306E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.4

Gunning-Fog Score

15.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

41

Sprache Difficult Word Count

35

Barry Weinberg

It might be thought that the ability to launch a preemptive strike against Russia's strategic nuclear force is a pretty good one to have. But, in fact, it poses enormous dangers, and to us as well as to Russia. The Russians can count missiles as well as we, and as "prudent" defense planners, they're likely to rate our chances of a successful preemptive attack more highly than we would. I'm not worried about them getting angry with us or breaking off relations with us. I'm worried about what they may do. The cheap and easy thing for them to do is to keep their forces on a hair-trigger alert, posing the danger to the United States of a massive Russian attack by mistake. This danger will be further increased if the United States proceeds with a national missile defense that might be perceived, and I think would be perceived, by the Russians to have some capability against a ragged Russian second strike, or, if we follow the recommendation of the Nuclear Posture Review that the United States should develop real-time intelligence capabilities of a sort that would allow us to target even mobile Russian missiles on the road.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.75786

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.0625

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.0625

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.12136

VADER

0.895

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

5.1269724965

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0486996607

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0265642797

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0240185123

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0140117438

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0034765857

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0017158765

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0015889349

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004558508

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

5.25978E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.27442E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

51.4

Gunning-Fog Score

14.6

Coleman-Liau Index

11.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

58

Sprache Difficult Word Count

49

Barry Weinberg

Even though this threat of a large Russian mistaken attack caused by their high state of alert is not an acute one, it's chronic. It's with us all the time, and it's also the only threat we face that could destroy our country beyond our ability to recover. I don't agree that terrorism is now the greatest threat we face. The threat of a Russian mistaken attack is a threat we face year in and year out. It's the only one that can destroy us, and it's the one that gives me cold sweats when I wake up in the middle of the night.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.81818

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.81818

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.64706

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.64706

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.42139

VADER

-0.97

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.311638698

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.3352997592

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.05699576

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0348103262

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0072987707

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0049640868

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0019426201

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0015595791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0007729827

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0004016638

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001856777

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

75.1

Gunning-Fog Score

10.2

Coleman-Liau Index

7.5

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

7.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.1

Sprache Readability Score

4.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Barry Weinberg

This brings me to the one real value our large nuclear arsenal has. We can trade away most of our arsenal for corresponding cuts in Russian forces, and this is what we should be doing. And I don't mean cuts to about 2,000 deployed weapons with 7,000 in various reserves, but as a first step to not more than 1,000 nuclear weapons of all sorts, including those in various reserves, as was called for by a 1997 report of the National Academy of Sciences. In this way, the danger of a mistaken Russian launch wouldn't be eliminated, but the stakes might be millions or tens of millions of lives rather than hundreds of millions of lives.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.3979

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.75

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.75

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.60944

VADER

-0.924

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.3962004334

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.8598645218

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.2667800291

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0282356923

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0110643457

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0012170904

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004316614

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.99214E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.87441E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.42981E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.879E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

60.8

Gunning-Fog Score

15.6

Coleman-Liau Index

8.3

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

23

Sprache Difficult Word Count

27

Barry Weinberg

It would also greatly reduce the danger of diversion of Russian nuclear weapons or weapons material to criminals or terrorists. We shouldn't be seeking the maximum future flexibility for both sides in strategic agreements we make with the Russians. We should be seeking the greatest possible irreversibility and transparency on both sides based on binding ratified treaties. I'm awfully glad that Senator Biden was able to bring his influence to bear to get the reduction, such as it is, in the form of a treaty.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.25131

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.16705

VADER

-0.694

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

12.593729794

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1741845044

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1341887517

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1138739055

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0122098761

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0098212193

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003628212

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

6.40194E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.23158E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.5765E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

7.143E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40

Gunning-Fog Score

15.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

29

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

Barry Weinberg

For this reason, I've joined some other scientists in a statement calling for an accelerated reduction of our nuclear arsenal and other steps to improve our security. And, with the committee's permission, I'd like to include that statement in the published text of my testimony, but not read it here.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.56495

VADER

0.527

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.3051871201

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1673490973

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0166176906

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0154391644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0132128509

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0113054419

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0051555071

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0018003062

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0014302502

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0013621963

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0012389996

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

44.4

Gunning-Fog Score

16.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Joe Biden

It will be included in the record.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

2.5917926803

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0762539101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0582306704

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0505782082

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0152799796

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0066296678

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0012926269

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0011023196

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0005322854

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001272875

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001009794

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

78.9

Gunning-Fog Score

8.5

Coleman-Liau Index

6.9

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

0.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

2.6

Sprache Readability Score

1.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Barry Weinberg

Thank you.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.4139576107

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0213426945

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0124954575

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0095741212

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.004925059

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0020197784

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004211323

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002786565

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.86249E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.84309E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.69599E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.1

Sprache Readability Score

0.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

0

Barry Weinberg

It's not only that we're not moving fast enough in the right direction, not remotely fast enough, but, in some respects, the Bush administration seems to be moving in just the wrong direction. One example is the abrogation of the 1972 treaty limiting anti-ballistic missile systems. Another example, which I want to talk about here briefly, is the resurrection of the idea of developing nuclear weapons for use rather than for just deterrence. For instance, the Nuclear Posture Review calls for the development of low-yield earth- penetrating nuclear weapons for attacks on underground facilities.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.923

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.0185254738

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1056943554

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0428452826

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0359299476

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0288361101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0190992825

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0024907111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0021289758

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0011636825

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0010941055

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001157959

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.6

Gunning-Fog Score

17.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

26

Sprache Difficult Word Count

30

Barry Weinberg

Now, this doesn't make much sense, technically. You can't drive a missile down below a certain depth before it crumples and will not perform its task. The depth of penetration -- I think a reasonable maximum, according to calculations I've gone over, is about 80 feet in rock or concrete. That's just considering the crumpling of the missile. The actual maximum depth is likely to be considerably less than that because of the vulnerability of electronics in the missile to the great deceleration that you would be having.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.99853

VADER

0.649

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

8.8572926819

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.8947488852

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.4806761164

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.2432142384

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0340719766

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0172712971

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0037121121

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0033982145

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0015554217

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001517416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001511929

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.1

Gunning-Fog Score

12.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

25

Sprache Difficult Word Count

26

Barry Weinberg

Now, that is enough of a depth to convert the missile's energy into a destructive underground blast wave. But even so, it would only destroy tunnels that are at depths considerably less than 300 feet, so it would have no effect against really deep targets. And the precise depth to which it would be effective wouldn't known anyway, because it would depend on geological details that we couldn't know.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.33647

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.61904

VADER

-0.671

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1323853736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.025116044

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0203374424

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0098753961

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0075571596

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0060908289

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.001317518

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.58048E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.86119E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.32671E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.0153E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

54.8

Gunning-Fog Score

13.8

Coleman-Liau Index

11.5

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

23

Barry Weinberg

To have confidence that the underground target had been destroyed, if we developed such a weapon and used it, we'd still have to have troops on the ground. As Loren Thompson said in an article in the Wall Street Journal, "We would need American boots on the ground moving site to site, eliminating all weapons and facilities." So with American troops on the ground, it's not clear that, even with such a weapon, that we would find a need for using it.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.20067

VADER

-0.77

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.456670532

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0229780184

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0188635138

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0090179463

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0036175174

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0013034646

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006388436

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0005341985

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000394463

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002357895

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001903363

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

60.4

Gunning-Fog Score

13.9

Coleman-Liau Index

9.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Barry Weinberg

There's a great reason for not using it, and that is the radiation effects it would produce. Experience in the series of underground nuclear explosions in Project Ploughshare showed that in order to keep the cavity containing a lot of radioactive debris below the surface, a one-kiloton explosion would have to be kept below about 300 feet. The depth for smaller yields decreases very slowly with the yield. There's no way we're going to drive an earth-penetrating weapon down to below 300 feet. It's just not possible unless someone takes it down in an elevator.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.23077

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.43532

VADER

0.178

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.6587936543

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.443898188

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0691802823

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0106850457

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0063090549

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0058793878

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0032352276

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0011572482

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005487092

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005431291

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.88631E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57.2

Gunning-Fog Score

13.5

Coleman-Liau Index

11.5

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

34

Barry Weinberg

In order to avoid the fallout from a nuclear explosion at the greatest depth I think we can reach, about 80 feet, you'd have to reduce the yield to the equivalent of 19 tons of TNT. It's not much more than you could achieve anyway with conventional explosives.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.58779

VADER

0.477

Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.9981080666

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.661843596

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0803260715

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0445069076

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0350200309

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0024471166

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0023574596

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.001508656

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.83743E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.43268E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.3299E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

64.4

Gunning-Fog Score

13.8

Coleman-Liau Index

9.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.5

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Barry Weinberg

In any case, the experience on which the figure I mentioned, of 300 feet, is based, the experience in the Ploughshare test, had to do with explosions in underground cavities that were excavated, but without a shaft going to the surface. But our earth-penetrating weapon would create such a shaft from the surface down to where the explosion occurs, a very nice way of producing a tremendous plume of radioactive material, which we would not be happy about.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.95551

VADER

0.414

Positive

Moderation

Violence

7.0968776941

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2698576311

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1324190991

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0575962535

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0361228245

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0210346479

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0019120089

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0013468413

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0007788522

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0003840223

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000199042

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

38.2

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

11.4

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Barry Weinberg

And it's not just a question of not wanting to cause collateral damage to innocent civilians. Those civilians may be people we're trying to get over on our side, as we have been in Afghanistan. They may be our own troops going from site to site checking whether or not we've actually destroyed these underground facilities. This is not the cold war, as we keep being told. We have to worry about the damage we do to people on the ground near where the attack is occurring.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.3979

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.43508

VADER

-0.818

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.4999989644

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.040754379

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0278278661

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0121360521

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0035069643

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0012807477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0010258464

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003789031

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003073895

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001013444

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.17401E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

67.6

Gunning-Fog Score

10.6

Coleman-Liau Index

9.6

SMOG Index

10.9

Automated Readability Index

7.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.9

Sprache Readability Score

4.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

Barry Weinberg

The fallout produced by a one-kiloton explosion at a depth of 80 feet would kill everyone within a radius of about half a mile, and that's if the wind isn't blowing. If the wind is blowing, God knows where the fallout goes. It might land on one of our allies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

-0.557

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.590720633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0434933259

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0374112889

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0171223423

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0055824734

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0028694991

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0028540575

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002617422

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001653705

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.08981E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.8198E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

6.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

80.1

Gunning-Fog Score

9.9

Coleman-Liau Index

7.3

SMOG Index

9.9

Automated Readability Index

5.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.2

Sprache Readability Score

3.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Barry Weinberg

There are other signs of an increased interest in developing nuclear weapons for actual use. There's a statement by William Schneider -- this, as far as I know, was not in the Nuclear Posture Review, but it's another straw in the wind -- the chairman of the Defense Science Board, that announced a renewed study of nuclear armed missile defense interceptors. In a sense, I find this perversely welcome, because it verifies what critics of missile defense systems have been saying all along, that the decoy problem will prevent you from being able to launch a successful exo-atmospheric interception. I think there are severe problems with nuclear interceptors also, but I won't go into them, as this wasn't part of the Nuclear Posture Review.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.75

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.41176

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.41176

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.82098

VADER

-0.477

Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1342939795

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0224121934

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0209494217

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0053241554

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0051462132

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0036637412

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0024667186

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.001385541

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001756218

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.0863E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.78835E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.1

Gunning-Fog Score

17.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

39

Sprache Difficult Word Count

39

Barry Weinberg

Now, for the dubious advantages of such nuclear weapons, we would be paying a very high price. One item on the bill, as has been mentioned by a number of people -- I think, Senator Biden, you mentioned it -- was the pressure for resumed testing of nuclear weapons. Just think, for example, of relying on underground, deep-penetrating nuclear weapons and not knowing whether that shaft that the weapon itself digs from the surface down to where it explodes is going to provide a highway for the fallout to come out. I don't see how we can know that without carrying out testing -- testing, in fact, which has a good chance of producing fallout in the atmosphere. How can we know that a missile defense system, based on nuclear interceptors, would work in a realistic engagement without testing it in a realistic way?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.02165

VADER

-0.527

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0712342153

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0090253961

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0067453613

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0010193369

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0004821493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003495437

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001795443

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.33625E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.8189E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.4537E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.1199E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.3

Gunning-Fog Score

14.7

Coleman-Liau Index

11

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

39

Sprache Difficult Word Count

38

Barry Weinberg

The resumption of nuclear testing would be a dangerous break with the past. We haven't carried out even underground tests since the previous Bush administration, and neither has Russia or China, which is very much in our interest. It would violate our commitment under the Nonproliferation Treaty to de- emphasize the role of nuclear weapons, and it would have terrible effects on proliferation throughout the world.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.20067

VADER

-0.772

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.1996154198

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.077131018

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0279786269

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0100541285

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0096928612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008161916

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006959163

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005595308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004012354

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001129047

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.6606E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.2

Gunning-Fog Score

15.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

21

Sprache Difficult Word Count

27

Barry Weinberg

And, furthermore, of course, the programs to develop nuclear weapons for use would stand in the way of what I think is so essential to let us all get through the night without terrible fears about a mistaken Russian attack. It would stand in the way of a massive mutual reduction of nuclear arms. In fact, I'm not sure whether a massive reduction of nuclear weapons is being passed over in order for us to be able to continue these weapons programs, or whether it's the other way around, the weapons programs are being proposed in order to slow down cuts in our nuclear arsenal. It's probably something of both.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.26826

VADER

-0.949

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.1211616909

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.1087378594

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0045814118

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0034376633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0017047754

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

7.04639E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.48663E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.12919E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.3685E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.8031E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.3236E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

53.6

Gunning-Fog Score

15.7

Coleman-Liau Index

10.4

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

27

Sprache Difficult Word Count

20

Barry Weinberg

I remember the days of the debate about the first test ban treaty, when one of the arguments against ratifying the test ban treaty is that it would force us to stop work on wonderful opportunities, like Project Orion, which was to build a spaceship that would be propelled by continual nuclear explosions, or Project Ploughshare, digging canals with nuclear weapons.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

-0.735

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.4864265211

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0105738363

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0100916943

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.005251107

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0034312114

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0028064633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0023249231

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0020248932

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0019275267

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0018199491

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0003120063

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

14.6

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

21

Sprache Difficult Word Count

20

Barry Weinberg

This is a great moment of opportunity. Now, for the first time, we have a President of Russia who is anxious to have good relations with the United States, anxious to reduce forces, anxious to decommission nuclear weapons, and, furthermore, who, unlike President Yeltsin, has the power to bring this about in his own country. And it seems to me we're letting this opportunity slip away.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.20067

VADER

0.691

Very Positive

Moderation

Sexual

0.049509661

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0020263633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0020053571

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0017350147

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0011883416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005975101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003009979

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002472293

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001767833

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001408618

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.7963E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

51.2

Gunning-Fog Score

13.6

Coleman-Liau Index

11.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Barry Weinberg

But, of course, the proposals for new nuclear weapons are much more dangerous than Ploughshare or Orion were. We are, as Senator Biden said, the world's leader in conventional weaponry, and it's terribly in our interest to preserve a somewhat mystical taboo against the use of nuclear weapons, a taboo that has grown steadily stronger since 1945.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.25131

VADER

-0.843

Very Negative

Moderation

Self-Harm > Intent

2.9825307429

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.7116865143

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.4074455947

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.9468703531

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.9120861068

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.6560627837

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2248732839

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.1442899578

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.1299158903

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0911485753

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0489500293

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.8

Gunning-Fog Score

17.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

21

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Barry Weinberg

I'm not worried whether our developing nuclear weapons is going to make other countries not like us, but I'm worried about its effect on what they do. I know that previous nuclear programs, like that of India, might have been stopped if it were possible to have a comprehensive test ban with Russia early enough.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.95551

VADER

-0.743

Very Negative

Moderation

Sexual

0.0058839138

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.005405019

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0016907139

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008810531

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002183675

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0001363313

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.09306E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.47832E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

2.29248E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.031E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.568E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.9

Gunning-Fog Score

13.9

Coleman-Liau Index

11.1

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Barry Weinberg

Is it unlikely that the same kind of decisionmaking will apply in Egypt or Iran or Japan? Is it likely that the nonproliferation treaty will survive at all when the United States is developing and testing nuclear weapons for actual use?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.56495

VADER

-0.118

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.2583265081

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2635528101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1704599126

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0669130124

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0647567969

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0022113456

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0021189171

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000428495

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001100785

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.3903E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.7504E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

43.7

Gunning-Fog Score

13.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.4

Sprache Readability Score

4.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Barry Weinberg

Now, it's very often argued that the future is uncertain, and that we can't tell what enemies we might face in coming years, and, therefore, we should retain a maximum capability to use our nuclear arsenal in whatever way may prove necessary. Well, it is true the future is uncertain. But we may increase rather than decrease uncertainty by maximizing our nuclear capabilities. We can't tell what enemies we may face, it's often said. Well, that's true. We also can't tell what crisis may occur in Russian-U.S. relations that may put us at risk from a mistaken launch on their part. We can't tell what terrorists may appropriate part of the Russian arsenal. We can't tell what dangers we may face from a large Chinese arsenal built to preserve their deterrence from the threat of an American first strike backed up by a missile defense system. We can't tell what countries may be tipped toward a decision to develop nuclear weapons by new U.S. weapons programs or resume nuclear testing. There's no certainty, whatever we do.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.70805

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.17647

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.17647

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.33647

VADER

-0.684

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

6.648799032

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2491810359

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1229888527

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0226127566

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0121443751

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0072675932

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

9.00457E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

7.7419E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.3682E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.1962E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.1183E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

63.9

Gunning-Fog Score

10.7

Coleman-Liau Index

11

SMOG Index

11

Automated Readability Index

6.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

52

Sprache Difficult Word Count

46

Barry Weinberg

We have to decide what are the most important dangers. And these dangers may be increased rather than decreased by other countries' responses to our nuclear weapons programs. As far as I know, the Nuclear Posture Review does not even engage the question of what the programs it calls for will have on the actions of other countries. We don't have the last move.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.78

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.4281415641

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

1.1326584034

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.3161365166

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0308201124

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0067157082

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0039735136

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003285122

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.92146E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

7.54994E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.72123E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.25444E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

69

Gunning-Fog Score

9.5

Coleman-Liau Index

11

SMOG Index

9.7

Automated Readability Index

8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.5

Sprache Readability Score

3.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

13

Barry Weinberg

And, now, Senator Biden, you asked why would we hang on to this enormous nuclear arsenal and develop this incredible national missile defense system of dubious effectiveness? As a partial answer, I'd like to tell a little story. It may be already to familiar to you and others in the room.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.58779

VADER

0.128

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence

46.340328455

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

7.0717535913

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

5.7838231325

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.7224836871

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.9193419479

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0144373116

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.009881764

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0068409943

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.00188468

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000334965

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002888839

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.6

Gunning-Fog Score

14.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

8.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Barry Weinberg

At the beginning of the 20th century, Britain was in very much the same position we are now, but with regard to naval strength. Just as we are today overwhelmingly the most powerful country as far as conventional weapons are concerned, they were then overwhelmingly the world's greatest naval power. Then in 1905, Admiral Sir John Fisher, the First Sea Lord, pushed forward the construction of a new type of battleship which would have all big guns -- 12-inch guns, the largest that could be made at the time. It would be very fast, greatly superior to any battleship that existed. The prototype was named after one of Nelson's ships, the "Dreadnought."

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.71429

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.71429

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.46634

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.27273

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0.953

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.3207482174

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.8498540148

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1539863995

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0894408964

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0168836341

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0062208266

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0052251071

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0044645978

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0041036117

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0012090216

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007368277

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

59.5

Gunning-Fog Score

13.6

Coleman-Liau Index

11.2

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

34

Barry Weinberg

Dreadnoughts really were superior to all previous battleships. And suddenly what counted in naval arms races were not the size of a country's fleet, in which Britain was already supreme, but the number of its dreadnoughts. Other countries could now compete with Britain by building dreadnoughts. A naval arms race began between Britain and Germany, in which Britain stayed ahead only with great expense and difficulty.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.25131

VADER

0.722

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

4.7886800021

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

2.5690322742

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.29450031

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0362144929

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0253856328

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0014224492

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002156492

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.96331E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.6971E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.3377E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.3629E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

51.7

Gunning-Fog Score

11.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.8

Automated Readability Index

11.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

21

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Barry Weinberg

There were complaints about this at the time. Admiral of the Fleet, Sir Frederick Richards, complained in Parliament that, "The whole British fleet was morally scrapped and labeled obsolete at the very moment when it was at the zenith of its efficiency and equal not to two, but practically all the other navies in the world combined."

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.16667

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.16667

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.31015

VADER

-0.226

Slightly Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2202417236

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0339293852

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0322246575

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0320833409

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0246233336

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0157652277

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0137126146

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0117176831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0052873613

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0046460795

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0026928748

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.8

Gunning-Fog Score

14.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

19

Barry Weinberg

This sounds very familiar, very strangely similar to what we have now. So national security is not always best served, and certainty is not always built, by building the best weapons we can imagine.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.315

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2352009527

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1032369211

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0511297898

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0194454959

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0034755252

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0009168605

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008275714

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003801285

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.28043E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.5385E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.6592E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.7

Gunning-Fog Score

13.9

Coleman-Liau Index

11.9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.6

Sprache Readability Score

3.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

10

Barry Weinberg

As a scientist, I can recognize some of the motivation for this, though probably not the whole motivation. There's a kind of technological restlessness at work, which we see from the building of the Dreadnought to this year's Nuclear Posture Review. Going back to Fisher, years before the Dreadnought was built, when he was a newly appointed captain in charge of the Royal Navy's Torpedo School, Fisher explained that, "If you are a gunnery man, you must believe and teach that the world is safe by gunnery and will only be saved by gunnery. If you are a torpedo man, you must lecture and teach the same thing about torpedoes." Well, this is not a corrupt or an unpatriotic attitude, but we don't have to be guided by it.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.45455

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8873

VADER

0.241

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

20.3938439488

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1316356589

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1114505576

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0636954384

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0335733814

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0076365497

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0011587191

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002382143

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001883615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001557604

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.09583E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

58

Gunning-Fog Score

14.7

Coleman-Liau Index

10.3

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

31

Sprache Difficult Word Count

29

Barry Weinberg

Thank you.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.4969412014

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0247877702

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0218975343

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0160172116

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0041896317

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0013942748

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005792422

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.99262E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

5.43123E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.19593E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.29319E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.1

Sprache Readability Score

0.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

0

Note

[The prepared statement of Dr. Weinberg with an attachment follows:]

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

20.7937702537

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.3643218195

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1004429301

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.046122761

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0121711557

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0075147102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0009392907

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.42548E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

4.28796E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.378E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.253E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

Gunning-Fog Score

Coleman-Liau Index

SMOG Index

Automated Readability Index

Dale-Chall Readability Score

Sprache Readability Score

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

Sprache Difficult Word Count

Barry Weinberg

Prepared Statement of Dr. Steven Weinberg, Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1979), Professor of Physics, University of Texas, Austin TX Chairman Biden, Senator Helms, and members of the Committee, I am grateful to you for giving me the opportunity to express my views on issues raised by the recent Nuclear Posture Review. My research has mostly been on elementary particle physics and cosmology, which does not give me any special credentials for commenting on strategic issues, but I worked actively on military technology in the 1960s and 1970s as a member of the JASON group of defense consultants, and less intensively in recent years as a senior advisor to this group. I have also served as a consultant to the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and have written about defense matters from time to time. Because this hearing is open to the public I have not asked to see the full classified version of the posture review, but I have read the unclassified briefing on the posture review by Assistant Secretary Crouch and the transmittal letter by Secretary Rumsfeld, as well as excerpts from the posture review that have appeared in the press. On this basis I think I can comment on the general issues surrounding the posture review, if not on the details of the review itself.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.66667

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.48808

VADER

0.957

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2875364618

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0112451671

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0063776752

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0049005379

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0040886393

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0019345853

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0017026179

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006577322

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0004541598

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002505568

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.38648E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

42.2

Gunning-Fog Score

15.2

Coleman-Liau Index

11.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

74

Sprache Difficult Word Count

75

Barry Weinberg

The U.S. is now in possession of an enormous nuclear arsenal, left over from the days of the cold war. We have about 6,000 operationally deployed strategic warheads today, far more than could possibly be needed for deterrence against any conceivable enemy. The Bush administration plans to reduce this number, but very slowly, to about 3,800 in 2007 and ultimately to about 1,700 to 2,200 in 2012, but this would still be far more than could be used in retaliation for any other country's use of weapons of mass destruction. Furthermore, the administration's plans call for the retention of about 7,000 intact warheads in overhaul, tactical nuclear warheads, and the "inactive reserve" stockpile and other reserves, not to mention a large number of plutonium pits and other weapon components. Taking into account the different counting rules, the rate of reduction of our nuclear arsenal proposed by the Bush administration is about half the rate that would have been called for by the START II and START III agreements. This is not liquidating the legacy of the cold war, but hanging on to it.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.56495

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.29412

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.29412

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.57054

VADER

-0.955

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

10.7141941786

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.2231627703

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1499440055

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0847619842

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0460347568

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0229732424

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0118349744

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.002529704

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.001437946

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003110218

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.34149E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50.8

Gunning-Fog Score

15.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

48

Sprache Difficult Word Count

50

Barry Weinberg

There was a rationale for maintaining a very large nuclear arsenal during the cold war: We had to be sure that the Soviets would be deterred from a surprise attack on the U.S. by their certainty that enough of our arsenal would survive any such attack to allow us to deliver a devastating response. I don't say that U.S. strategic requirements were actually calculated in this way, but the need for a survivable deterrent at least provided a rational argument for a large arsenal.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.3979

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.125

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.125

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.23639

VADER

-0.807

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.359844137

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0285433576

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0074737822

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0028250748

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0022361359

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008978314

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001102237

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.65324E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.72576E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.13125E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.03598E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

54.6

Gunning-Fog Score

14.1

Coleman-Liau Index

10.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

4.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

23

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

Barry Weinberg

This rationale for a large nuclear arsenal is now obsolete. No country in the world could threaten our submarine-based deterrent, and even with an implausibly rapid missile development, for decades to come no country except Russia will be able to threaten more than a tiny fraction of our land-based deterrent.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.3979

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.95551

VADER

-0.869

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1527199871

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0035613022

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0035429359

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0030519077

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0015752488

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0011239331

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002106567

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001717615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.84608E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.84105E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.91557E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

40.5

Gunning-Fog Score

16.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Barry Weinberg

There is, however, another possible use of a large nuclear arsenal: to launch a preemptive attack against Russian strategic weapons. I say "Russian," because the large size of our arsenal would be irrelevant for a preemptive attack against any other power. If we ever found that a hostile "rogue" state were about to deploy a few dozen nuclear- armed ICBMs, and if we could locate them, then they could be destroyed by only a tiny fraction of our nuclear arsenal, and in fact even by conventionally armed cruise missiles. On the other hand, even if we were unable to neutralize the Soviet deterrent during the cold war, now as Russian nuclear forces become increasingly immobile, with their missile launching submarines tied up at dockside and their land-based mobile ICBMs kept in fixed garrisons, our large nuclear arsenal may put Russian nuclear forces at risk to a preemptive U.S. strike.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.56495

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.71429

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.71429

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.60944

VADER

-0.953

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.7264356166

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1312863315

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0847933698

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0800907437

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0151363012

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0121924371

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0095700583

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0055118755

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0045886878

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.001426288

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002561731

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

44.6

Gunning-Fog Score

15.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

52

Sprache Difficult Word Count

41

Barry Weinberg

It might seem that the ability to launch a preemptive strike against Russian strategic nuclear forces is a pretty good one to have, but in fact it poses enormous dangers, and to us as well as to Russia. The Russians can count missiles as well as we, and as "prudent" defense planners they are likely to rate our chances of a successful preemptive attack more highly than we would. The cheap and easy defense from this perceived danger will be for the Russians to keep their forces on a hair-trigger alert, posing the danger to the U.S. of a massive Russian attack by mistake. (According to Russian sources, it now takes 15 seconds for the Russians to target their ICBMs, and then 2-3 minutes to carry out the launch.) This danger is exacerbated by the gradual decay of Russian surveillance and control capabilities, which has already led them on one occasion to mistake a Norwegian research rocket for an offensive missile launched from an American submarine in the Norwegian sea. The danger will be further increased if the U.S. proceeds with a national missile defense, that might be perceived by the Russians to have some capability against a ragged Russian second strike, or if we follow the recommendation of the Nuclear Posture Review, that the U.S. should develop real-time intelligence capabilities of a sort that would allow us to target even mobile Russian missiles on the road.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.77778

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.77778

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.88707

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.854

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

2.9279775918

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.3562675091

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2582829446

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0835954852

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0555880077

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0126043436

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0089996225

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0080738027

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0019285748

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0018478084

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0003682338

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.7

Gunning-Fog Score

12.2

Coleman-Liau Index

11.3

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

71

Sprache Difficult Word Count

57

Barry Weinberg

Even though the threat of a large Russian mistaken attack is not acute, it is chronic. It is also the only threat we face that could destroy our country beyond our ability to recover. Compared with this threat, all other concerns about terrorism or rogue countries shrink into insignificance.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.56495

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.83333

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.83333

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-2.03688

VADER

-0.96

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

7.4565708637

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.204623118

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1362768468

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.1303526689

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0928205787

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0910083356

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0033677887

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.002814998

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0012320477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0005079506

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002998396

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.1

Gunning-Fog Score

10.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.6

Automated Readability Index

9.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

3.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Barry Weinberg

This brings me to the one real value of our large nuclear arsenal: we can trade away most of our arsenal for corresponding cuts in Russian forces. I don't mean cuts to about 2,000 deployed weapons, but as a first step to not more than a thousand nuclear weapons of all sorts, including those in various reserves, as called for by a 1997 report of the National Academy of Sciences. [A detailed proposal for the size of an adequate deterrent that I find reasonable has been given in "Toward True Security: A Nuclear Posture for the Next Decade," a joint report of the Federation of American Scientists, the National Resources Defense Council, and the Union of Concerned Scientists.] In that way, although the danger of a mistaken Russian launch would not be eliminated, the stakes would be millions or tens of millions of casualties, not hundreds of millions. It would also reduce the danger of diversion of Russian nuclear weapons or weapons material to criminals or terrorists. Instead of seeking the maximum future flexibility for both sides in strategic agreements with the Russians, we should be seeking the greatest possible irreversibility and transparency on both sides, based on binding ratified treaties. For this reason I have joined the distinguished scientists Hans Bethe, Richard Garwin, Marvin Goldberger, Kurt Gottfried, and Walter Kohn in a statement calling for an accelerating reduction of our nuclear arsenal and other steps to improve our security. With the Committee's permission, I would like to include that statement in the published text of my testimony.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.99853

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.941

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.6130984053

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1032552216

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0209823469

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0157770191

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0112118891

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.007532625

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0027654296

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.00097806

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003751908

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001745467

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.27955E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

36.7

Gunning-Fog Score

17.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

70

Sprache Difficult Word Count

71

Barry Weinberg

Not only are we not moving fast enough in the right direction -- in some respects the Bush administration seems to be moving in just the wrong directions. One example is the abrogation of the 1972 treaty limiting anti-ballistic missile systems. [For my comments on missile defense, see "The Truth About Missile Defense," in The New York Review of Books XLIX, No. 2, 41-47 (February 14, 2002).] Another example is the resurrection of the idea of developing nuclear weapons for use, rather than for just deterrence.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.11111

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.20067

VADER

-0.572

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.7686330937

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0181018768

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0106859952

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0083399827

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0083090876

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0064747859

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0035661524

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0019658317

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0014833219

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0013249888

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.6392E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

41.3

Gunning-Fog Score

16.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

4.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

15

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Barry Weinberg

For instance, the Nuclear Posture Review calls for the development of low yield earth penetrating nuclear weapons for attacks on underground facilities. There are great technical difficulties here, which might prevent our using such a weapon even if we had it. Calculations by Robert W. Nelson of Princeton University show that an earth-penetrating weapon cannot be driven down to a depth greater than about four times its length in concrete. Increasing the velocity of impact beyond a certain point just causes the weapon to crumple, so that the depth of penetration decreases rather than increases. This sets an upper limit on the depth of penetration of about 80 feet for a weapon that is twice the length of our present B61-11 earth-penetrating nuclear weapon. The actual depth that may be reached in practice may be considerably less, because the velocity of penetration must be kept low enough to preserve the weapon's electronics. Now, an 80 foot depth is sufficient to put most of the energy of the explosion into a destructive underground blast wave, but even so a 1 kiloton explosion would only destroy tunnels that are at depths considerably less than 300 feet, with the precise range sensitive to geological details that we are not likely to know. To have confidence that the underground target had been destroyed we would have to have troops on the ground anyway, so that a missile attack might not even be necessary.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.61904

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.07692

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.07692

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.14842

VADER

-0.948

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2316330327

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.050384202

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0253263308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0119387099

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0109155779

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0046574933

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.002027146

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006703269

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003644498

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.20258E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.0758E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

46

Gunning-Fog Score

16.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

71

Sprache Difficult Word Count

68

Barry Weinberg

Particularly worrisome are radiation effects. Experience in the series of underground nuclear explosions in Project Plowshare showed that to keep the cavity produced by the explosion below the surface, a one-kiloton explosion would have to be kept below 300 feet, with the depth for smaller yields decreasing only as the one-third power of the yield. To avoid fallout from a nuclear explosion at a depth of only 80 feet it would be necessary to reduce the yield to 19 tons, not much more than could be delivered using conventional explosives. I don't believe that there is any way for a nuclear weapon to penetrate to hundreds of feet without someone carrying it down in an elevator, so that using nuclear weapons to attack underground targets is bound to produce radioactive fallout. In any case, the penetration of a weapon through the earth would create a shaft to the surface, something that did not exist in the Plowshare tests, so the depth required to avoid fallout is bound to be even larger than indicated by these tests.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.3

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.3

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.58779

VADER

-0.928

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.36246893

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0401773927

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0397976837

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0159821371

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0103204024

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0089673958

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0022287677

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0008142923

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000655353

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001286825

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.0626E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

39

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

11.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

58

Sprache Difficult Word Count

49

Barry Weinberg

The fallout produced by a one-kiloton explosion at a depth of 80 feet would kill everyone within a radius of about half a mile. This is for still air; wind can carry the fallout for tens of miles. We could be killing not only the local population, which (as in Afghanistan) we might be trying to enlist on our side, but also whatever forces we or our allies have on the ground.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.75

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.75

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.60944

VADER

-0.676

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.5189455152

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0731233216

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0248017896

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0205560631

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.01764974

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0088023633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0035710222

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.001864337

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0006278851

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0003226967

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

9.02092E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

65.1

Gunning-Fog Score

13

Coleman-Liau Index

8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

17

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Barry Weinberg

There was another sign of increased interest in developing nuclear weapons for actual use in a recent statement by William Schneider, the chairman of the Defense Science Board, announcing a renewed study of nuclear-armed missile defense interceptors. In one sense I almost find this welcome, because it confirms what critics of missile defense (including myself) have been saying, that the non-nuclear "hit-to- kill" mid-course interceptors of the planned National Missile Defense system could be defeated by decoys or other penetration aids. Of course, nuclear-armed missile defense interceptors would have technical and political problems of their own, problems that have led to the abandonment of nuclear-armed interceptors as components in missile defense since the administration of Ronald Reagan.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-3.13549

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.36364

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.36364

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.72594

VADER

-0.912

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

2.3305824026

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1630235347

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0969932589

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0915250101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.042556884

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0023433988

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002417656

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002006071

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.81245E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.20034E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.63806E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

15.3

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

50

Sprache Difficult Word Count

43

Barry Weinberg

For the dubious advantages of such nuclear weapons, we would pay a high price. One item on the bill is the pressure for resumed testing of nuclear weapons. As I mentioned, calculations indicate that any nuclear weapon that would be effective against underground targets would release large quantities of radioactivity. Even if the depth of penetration of a nuclear weapon were somehow increased and the yield decreased enough so that no fallout was expected, how without testing these weapons in action would you ever have confidence that fallout would not escape, especially after our weapon has created its own shaft to the surface? And how would anyone have confidence in a missile defense system based on nuclear-armed interceptors without tests that involve nuclear explosions in or above the atmosphere?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.25131

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.26826

VADER

0.182

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0761372619

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0509046367

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0119635864

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0097358621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0076305296

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0046673107

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0020821059

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0012385034

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001957966

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.28702E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.17646E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

37.3

Gunning-Fog Score

16.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

44

Sprache Difficult Word Count

44

Barry Weinberg

The resumption of nuclear testing would be a dangerous break with the past. We have not carried out even underground tests since the previous Bush administration. Neither has Russia or China, which is very much in our interest.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.51083

VADER

-0.026

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.1596645452

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0894149009

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0289849791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0131753579

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0052794414

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0023014121

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0015327232

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003100637

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.25392E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.18949E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.6953E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

62.6

Gunning-Fog Score

11.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.8

Sprache Readability Score

3.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Barry Weinberg

The development of new nuclear weapons for war-fighting would in itself violate our commitment under the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) to de-emphasize the role of nuclear weapons and to work toward their total elimination. The resumption of nuclear testing for this purpose would make this violation concrete and dramatic, and would thereby do terrible damage to the effectiveness of the NPT in discouraging nuclear weapons programs throughout the world.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.26826

VADER

-0.955

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.096899044

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0637675694

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0383799488

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0167738282

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0156800597

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0032666641

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.003003299

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0022270086

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0010267664

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007973721

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001961609

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

21.4

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

28

Barry Weinberg

The worst thing about programs to develop nuclear weapons for use is that they stand in the way of a massive mutual reduction of nuclear arms. In fact, I'm not sure whether massive reductions in nuclear weapons are being opposed in order for us to be able to continue such weapons programs, or whether the weapons programs are being proposed in order slow down cuts in our nuclear arsenal. Probably something of both. Back in the days when the first test ban treaty was being debated, one of the arguments against it was that it would stand in the way of Project Plowshare, the use of nuclear weapons to do things like digging canals, and Project Orion, the development of a spacecraft propelled by nuclear explosions. The development of nuclear weapons for attacking underground facilities or for missile defense may be today's Orion and Plowshare.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.70805

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.26316

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.26316

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

-0.982

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0148182255

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0035517991

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0026751699

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008955132

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0003224401

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001237919

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

4.43357E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.50884E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

3.8944E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.081E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.6078E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

43.8

Gunning-Fog Score

17.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

46

Sprache Difficult Word Count

34

Barry Weinberg

But the current proposals for new nuclear weapons are much more dangerous than the Plowshare or Orion programs. As the world's leader in conventional weaponry, it is very much in our interest to preserve the taboo against the use of nuclear weapons, a taboo that has grown steadily stronger since 1945. Developing and testing new nuclear weapons for actual use teaches the world a lesson that nuclear weapons are a good thing to have. This is not entirely a rational matter. I remember that once in the late 1960s I had lunch at MIT with the chief scientific adviser to the government of India. I asked about India's plans for developing and testing nuclear weapons, and he said that it all depended on whether the U.S. and USSR could reach an agreement banning all future nuclear testing. I said that that seemed irrational, because it was not the U.S. or the USSR that presented a military threat to India, and even if such a threat did develop, American and Soviet nuclear forces would in any case be so much greater than India's that it would not matter to India if the U.S. or the USSR had stopped testing or gone on testing. He answered that politics is not always based on rational calculations, that there would be great political dissension in Indian governing circles over whether to develop nuclear weapons, and that the spectacle of continued testing of nuclear weapons by the U.S. or the USSR would strengthen the hands of those in India who favored developing nuclear weapons. Is it unlikely that the same will apply to decisions about nuclear weapons in countries like Egypt, or Iran, or Japan? Is it likely that the Non-Proliferation Treaty will survive when the U.S. is developing and testing nuclear weapons for actual use?

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.28571

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.28571

Slightly Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.54654

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.05861

VADER

-0.966

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0554029015

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0357520999

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0282011461

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0193691463

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0096898664

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.005858724

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0043052907

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0035221336

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0016062682

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0013044284

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0006002956

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

59.3

Gunning-Fog Score

10.7

Coleman-Liau Index

11

SMOG Index

11.8

Automated Readability Index

7.7

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

98

Sprache Difficult Word Count

71

Barry Weinberg

It is sometimes argued that the future is uncertain, that we cannot tell what enemies we may face in coming years, and that therefore we should retain a maximum capability to use our nuclear arsenal in whatever way may prove necessary. [For an example, see "Rationale and Requirements for U.S. Nuclear Forces and Arms Control," Keith B. Payne, study director, National Institute for Public Policy, 2001.] It is true that the future is uncertain, but we may increase rather than decrease uncertainty by maximizing our nuclear capabilities. We cannot tell what crisis may occur in U.S.-Russian relations, which may put us at risk from a mistaken launch on their part. We cannot tell what terrorists may appropriate part of the Russian arsenal. We cannot tell what dangers we may face from a large Chinese arsenal, built to preserve their deterrent from the threat of an American first strike backed up by a missile defense system. We cannot tell what countries may be tipped toward a decision to develop nuclear weapons by new U.S. weapons programs or resumed nuclear testing. There is no certainty whatever we do -- we have to decide what are the most important dangers -- and these dangers may be increased rather than decreased by other countries' responses to our own weapons programs.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.94444

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.27444

VADER

-0.976

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0075423064

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0071411523

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0031730451

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0015779025

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003540415

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001073404

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001051893

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.59519E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.7678E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.47866E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.20949E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

54.7

Gunning-Fog Score

13

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

56

Sprache Difficult Word Count

50

Barry Weinberg

To illustrate this and close my testimony, I'd like to tell a little story, which may already be familiar to many of you. At the beginning of the twentieth century Britain was overwhelmingly the world's greatest naval power, much as the U.S. is today the world's leader in conventional arms. Then in 1905 Admiral Sir John Fisher, the First Sea Lord, pushed forward the construction of a new design for a fast battleship armed solely with 12-inch guns, the biggest guns then available. The prototype was named after one of Nelson's ships, the Dreadnought. Dreadnoughts really were superior to all previous battleships, and suddenly what counted was not the size of a country's fleet, in which Britain was supreme, but the number of its Dreadnoughts. Other countries could now compete with Britain by building Dreadnoughts, and a naval arms race began between Britain and Germany, in which Britain would stay ahead only with great expense and difficulty. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Frederick Richards complained in Parliament that "The whole British fleet was morally scrapped and labeled obsolete at the moment when it was at the zenith of its efficiency and equal not to two but practically to all the other navies of the world combined." Like Dreadnoughts, nuclear weapons can act as an equalizer between strong nations like the U.S. with great economic and conventional military power, and weaker countries or even terrorist organizations. Evidently national security is not always best served by building the best weapons.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0.36772

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.40541

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.40541

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8348

VADER

0.929

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1123064198

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0376595679

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0340946717

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.028551658

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0161083124

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0089596506

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0036772206

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0030130728

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0014822147

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008550438

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002349507

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

50.7

Gunning-Fog Score

13

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

76

Sprache Difficult Word Count

75

Barry Weinberg

As a scientist, I can recognize a kind of technological restlessness at work, from the building of the Dreadnought to this year's Nuclear Posture Review. Years before the Dreadnought, as a newly appointed captain in charge of the Royal Navy's torpedo school, Fisher explained that "If you are a gunnery man, you must believe and teach that the world is saved by gunnery, and will only be saved by gunnery. If you are a torpedo man, you must lecture and teach the same thing about torpedoes." There is nothing corrupt or unpatriotic about such attitudes, but we don't have to be guided by them. ______

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.61904

VADER

-0.034

Neutral

Moderation

Harassment

0.0224601739

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.021884343

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0041669478

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.004041084

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.001174103

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0006698508

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001435263

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001017269

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.74748E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.07932E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

2.89614E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

60.6

Gunning-Fog Score

13

Coleman-Liau Index

10.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

26

Barry Weinberg

Scientists Statement on the Moscow Summit -- May 13, 2002 President Bush, at the forthcoming Moscow Summit, has the opportunity to reduce two supreme dangers to our security and lives: the threat that nuclear weapons or weapons usable material in Russia could be stolen and sold to terrorists or hostile states and used as nuclear explosives to destroy American troops abroad or hundreds of thousands of our citizens at home; the threat of a massive attack by Russian nuclear-armed missiles due to false warning of a U.S. nuclear strike, which would put at risk the very survival of our nation. We applaud the cuts in deployed nuclear warheads that are to be agreed to by Presidents Bush and Putin at the Moscow Summit. But the pace with which the administration proposes to carry out the cuts should be accelerated. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether these cuts will be structured and implemented in a manner that would minimize the threats above.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.84615

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.84615

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.12026

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.15385

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.15385

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.29849

VADER

-0.986

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2345098415

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0425111473

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0197828136

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0195596163

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0191727595

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0166732876

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0053129515

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0029187409

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0012887926

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011546333

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0002733208

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

49.3

Gunning-Fog Score

14.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

57

Sprache Difficult Word Count

58

Barry Weinberg

The serious proliferation threat posed by the Russian nuclear weapons complex will only be reduced if the warheads removed from Russian launchers are placed in secure storage, dismantled and the nuclear materials rendered unusable. President Bush, however, appears to be seeking an agreement that would not compel Russia to make its undeployed warheads invulnerable to proliferation. The administration apparently wants to retain its undeployed warheads in a "responsive reserve force" that could be used to reload bombers and missiles on relatively short notice. An agreement allowing this would, of course, give Russia the freedom to also do as it pleases with its weapons.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.66667

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.29928

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.02165

VADER

0.875

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.0084655658

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0066565852

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0031322747

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0011784587

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0006375953

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002312978

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001700871

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001451443

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001425301

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.01372E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.94206E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

32

Gunning-Fog Score

16.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

44

Sprache Difficult Word Count

41

Barry Weinberg

The administration argues that the responsive force is needed to address unspecified contingencies in the indefinite future. The deployed force of roughly 2,000 U.S. strategic warheads that would remain after the proposed cuts are completed will, however, more than suffice to meet any threat that can be envisaged. It would be folly to hedge against contingencies that cannot even be foreseen, by taking a step now that would exacerbate an urgent and present danger.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.83321

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.63599

VADER

-0.807

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0333945092

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0228686942

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0124797269

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0076705895

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0069307243

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0044403027

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0012970017

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0009004733

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0005555071

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005303458

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001125822

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.3

Gunning-Fog Score

12.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.2

Sprache Readability Score

4.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

26

Sprache Difficult Word Count

28

Barry Weinberg

To eliminate the threat of a catastrophic Russian launch resulting from its deteriorating warning system, President Bush should advocate that both states adopt postures and procedures such that their nuclear weapons could only be fired after a delay of some days, so that Russia would not maintain its forces in a launch-on-warning posture. Such a posture would not compromise the U.S. capability for retaliation as the bulk of our strategic forces would, without question, survive any attack.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-3.13549

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.53846

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.53846

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

-0.96

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.01166246

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0094340998

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0055937064

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0009093707

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0007246119

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002470687

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002373046

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001637466

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.6414E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.34513E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

2.44606E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48

Gunning-Fog Score

13

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

31

Sprache Difficult Word Count

31

Barry Weinberg

The administration's position concerning strategic nuclear forces shows little regard for the obligations of the United States under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty -- obligations undertaken because of enlightened self-interest, not altruism. In the context of the Summit, these obligations call for much swifter and deeper cuts, and for a reduced reliance on nuclear weapons as instruments of national policy. The administration's proposed cuts and its intention to keep withdrawn warheads at the ready implies that this reliance is not abating. When the state with by far the most powerful conventional forces asserts that it can only protect its vital interests with an undiminished reliance on nuclear forces it is undermining the global effort to stem nuclear proliferation.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.8

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.8

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.84583

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.18182

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.18182

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.3514

VADER

0.821

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.17656493

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0248117925

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0200236536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0108442415

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0106316067

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0057953272

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0030693762

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0008888062

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.000535914

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001637722

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.20469E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

17.7

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

51

Sprache Difficult Word Count

43

Barry Weinberg

In the light of these facts and observations, we urge President Bush to propose an agreement to President Putin that would formally commit both states to: accelerate the current reductions, and to not return warheads removed from the deployed forces under this agreement to active service; a far more rapid, clearly specified and transparent process for dismantling all undeployed warheads and for rendering their nuclear materials unusable, accompanied by a commitment for increased U.S. and Allied financial support to Russia; replace their existing prompt-launch nuclear postures by postures within which retaliation to an attack would be delayed, and to adopt transparent measures to that end.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.58779

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.64663

VADER

0.921

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0468573649

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0057584341

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0031362018

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0015688922

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0006118044

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005505973

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002521775

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.000122164

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001117401

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001068633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.6605E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

23.6

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

49

Sprache Difficult Word Count

48

Barry Weinberg

Dr. Hans Bethe

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.012518224

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0062111656

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0010034418

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0009024817

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0007122108

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000256083

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001346342

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.61837E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.01891E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.1465E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.2505E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

0.6

Coleman-Liau Index

5.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Barry Weinberg

Nobel Laureate; Emeritus Professor of Physics, Cornell University; Head of the Manhattan Project's Theoretical Division

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Sexual

0.0222595627

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0072013994

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0065090018

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0018698105

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0010719025

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.000378678

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002494089

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

9.73941E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.73511E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.9031E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.295E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

3.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

11

Barry Weinberg

Dr. Richard Garwin

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.1835417002

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0806681812

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0789176498

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0250206562

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0147383689

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0115454044

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0016046148

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0007274279

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0007102851

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0004656891

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.53435E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

4.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

64.3

Gunning-Fog Score

0.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

2.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Barry Weinberg

Senior Fellow for Science and Technology, Council on Foreign Relations; IBM Fellow Emeritus; consultant to the Sandia National Laboratory, former consultant to Los Alamos National Laboratory

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.51083

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.017980994

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0112739632

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0060853246

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0041894

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0040226976

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0034458393

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002411846

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001202979

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.00746E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.55081E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.87934E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

13.5

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Barry Weinberg

Dr. Marvin Goldberger

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Harassment

0.4180560354

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0207767778

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0133114139

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0041782048

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0034399167

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0028624063

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0014307113

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0008100555

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003722089

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002741502

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

2.63577E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

36.1

Gunning-Fog Score

0.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

7.3

Automated Readability Index

7.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Barry Weinberg

President Emeritus, California Institute of Technology; member, Council on Foreign Relations, National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Sexual

0.0150523338

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0074165866

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0016210799

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013961947

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.001214242

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003607866

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002126917

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.10291E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

7.41966E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.51338E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.849E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

8.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Barry Weinberg

Dr. Kurt Gottfried

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Harassment

0.0096525713

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0027056165

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0018641504

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0004949897

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003144819

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0001311781

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

2.92972E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.12072E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

8.2258E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.557E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.348E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

92.5

Gunning-Fog Score

0.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

2.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Barry Weinberg

Emeritus Professor of Physics, Cornell University; Chairman of the Board, Union of Concerned Scientists

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.0111865374

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.011125009

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0094363939

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0008219869

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005667989

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001926966

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.11297E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

2.60764E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.18862E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

6.6053E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.127E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

17.4

Gunning-Fog Score

5.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

3.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

9

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Barry Weinberg

Dr. Walter Kohn

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.3949977923

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0485556695

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0200797658

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0173331646

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0103545783

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0011885274

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0011195279

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008372122

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.36885E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.5916E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.377E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

92.5

Gunning-Fog Score

0.6

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Barry Weinberg

Nobel Laureate; Emeritus Professor of Physics and Research Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

14.4015237689

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

2.2637397051

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

1.7463622615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.8046596311

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.1780334278

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1770713599

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0033101816

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0032250133

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.31346E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.00739E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.45522E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

5.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

3.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

10

Barry Weinberg

Dr. Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.4489030223

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0928234484

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0182906631

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0106442261

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0030985833

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0012988152

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0006497497

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.44798E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.45701E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.959E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.952E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

3.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

70.2

Gunning-Fog Score

8.5

Coleman-Liau Index

7.5

SMOG Index

6.1

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.5

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

3

Sprache Difficult Word Count

3

Barry Weinberg

Director Emeritus, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University; Recipient of National Medal of Science and Lawrence and Fermi Awards of the Department of Energy

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.802

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.390738342

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0262853107

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0081024868

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0073654526

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0028055239

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008159013

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000227354

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.47821E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.99746E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.0236E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.679E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

9.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Barry Weinberg

Dr. Steven Weinberg Nobel Laureate; Jack S. Josey-Welch Foundation Chair in Science, Regental Professor, and Director, Theory Research Group, University of Texas

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.5368550774

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0266606454

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0205573364

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0109431334

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.007894267

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0009066016

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004397526

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003526266

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.09171E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.206E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.9162E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

37.2

Gunning-Fog Score

3.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

9.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

16

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Joe Biden

Thank you very much. Senator Lugar had to leave because he had to meet with the Secret Service about another matter, and so he asked me to apologize, but he said he will read the statement. And knowing Senator Lugar, he will read the statements. It's often said by Senators, but not often done.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.33333

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.58779

VADER

0.226

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.388663006

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1360461465

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0185243582

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0161620061

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.005630908

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0032213768

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0013995274

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002179154

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000196772

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.77488E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

9.4584E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

6.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

70.9

Gunning-Fog Score

7.6

Coleman-Liau Index

9.5

SMOG Index

9.7

Automated Readability Index

5.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.6

Sprache Readability Score

2.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

7

Joe Biden

I would say, as we go to you, Dr. Thompson, to Dr. Weinberg, I remember when we were having a debate on the issue of the strategic stockpile and whether or not we should scrap the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which I think was a gigantic mistake. But, at any rate, that's another issue. And a former Secretary of Defense sat before us and said, "I didn't fully understand," and I think he was right. And although we may very well develop the technology to be able to, through simulation, determine the readiness and capability of the existing stockpile, that we are going to lose the young scientists who would participate in that capability being sustained, because, "They like to see things go boom," and he was very serious. He wasn't joking. That was one of his -- that was his trump-card argument as to why we needed to be able to resume nuclear testing in order to maintain the interest of young scientists -- brilliant young scientists who participate in the program. And so I thought your comment about one of the motivations of -- as a scientist is -- although you said it somewhat facetiously, I suspect there's some truth to that assertion.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.22378

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.04597

VADER

0.545

Very Positive

Moderation

Harassment

0.653043855

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.116429606

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0664193416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0023812501

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0023530503

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.001446276

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003444627

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.3251E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.15009E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.8417E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.2834E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.2

Gunning-Fog Score

13.6

Coleman-Liau Index

10.7

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.1

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

54

Sprache Difficult Word Count

57

Barry Weinberg

Right, Senator. We should give them the opportunity for instance to do elementary particle physics in addition to their work in the Nuclear Stewardship Program.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.94591

VADER

0.422

Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.173137302

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0372045091

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0163239165

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0053140157

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0007158785

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

5.12089E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

7.4489E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.6985E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.6381E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.173E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.21E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

41.9

Gunning-Fog Score

11.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

9.9

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.9

Sprache Readability Score

3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

10

Joe Biden

Well, I think that's true, but apparently it's not as glamorous, according to one of the scientists. And I am way above my pay grade here.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.94591

VADER

-0.042

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.1400425564

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.024181747

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0090128226

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0080822923

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0009616312

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0006717284

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003856433

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002523373

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.6774E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.9944E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.736E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

5.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

79.8

Gunning-Fog Score

9.8

Coleman-Liau Index

8.2

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

4.3

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.1

Sprache Readability Score

2.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

5

Joe Biden

Dr. Thompson, welcome. It's a delight to have you here.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0.785

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.472530257

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0102186474

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0062250707

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0053486074

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0007665082

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003640861

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001172612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001108684

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.2103E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.4952E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.2636E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

1.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

93.5

Gunning-Fog Score

1.3

Coleman-Liau Index

8.3

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.3

Sprache Readability Score

1.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

4

Joe Biden

STATEMENT OF LOREN B. THOMPSON, PH.D., CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER, LEXINGTON INSTITUTE; ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF SECURITY STUDIES,

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8473

VADER

0.482

Positive

Moderation

Violence

3.6727596074

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.3433431033

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1389013254

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1217864919

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.1024773461

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0048443806

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0020213778

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002398713

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002019762

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.46941E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.3958E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.1

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

23.4

Gunning-Fog Score

1.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

8.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.5

Sprache Readability Score

2.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Fred Thompson

Thank you, Senator Biden. Thank you for inviting me to offer my views on the administration's views on the Nuclear Posture Review.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.19722

VADER

0.743

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1932248822

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0060547271

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0059310605

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.005376037

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0030441726

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005185146

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002537446

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002022991

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.01724E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.5099E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.3211E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

7.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

61.1

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

6.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

2.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

6

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

Fred Thompson

I'd like to spend a few minutes this afternoon explaining why the findings of the review are valid and, if they are implemented, will bolster the Nation's security. But before doing so, allow me to provide some historical context. This month marks the 40th anniversary of a major development in American nuclear strategy. On May 5, 1962, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara revealed, in a secret meeting with NATO allies in Athens, that the Kennedy administration was replacing the Eisenhower strategy of massive retaliation.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.22378

VADER

0.66

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.0995551944

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0596849946

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.017168773

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0148884181

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0136535746

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0027339553

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0010184148

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003854977

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.13322E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.5339E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.3767E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

31.9

Gunning-Fog Score

14.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

32

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Fred Thompson

The nuclear plan the new administration had inherited contained only one option, an all-out attack on every city in Russia, China, and Eastern Europe that would have killed between 360 and 425 million people. There were no provisions for withholding a strategic reserve, no provisions for preserving control over forces once a war began, and no provisions for trying to induce restraint in Soviet behavior.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.61904

VADER

-0.952

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.5549429916

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0190853563

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0106020154

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0093660201

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0055796318

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0051214261

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0032915119

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0027375085

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0010590813

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0004067044

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.9329E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

32.3

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

21

Sprache Difficult Word Count

24

Fred Thompson

McNamara thought massive retaliation was lunacy, dangerous and unbelievable. So in the spring of 1962, he approved a new war plan that focused on limiting the damage from a nuclear exchange. The new plan contained several options, including that of avoiding attacks on Russian cities with the intention of encouraging similar restraint on the part of the Soviets. Although today we remember Robert McNamara as the father of mutual assured destruction, the possibility of restraint reflected in his 1962 war plan remained national strategy for the remainder of his tenure and beyond.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.95551

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.17647

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.17647

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.33647

VADER

-0.9

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

3.1376391649

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.039696254

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0372806826

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0075992612

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0033271419

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0024849674

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0006860968

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0005377484

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

7.61232E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.05528E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.34921E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

31.8

Gunning-Fog Score

18.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

35

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Fred Thompson

When President Nixon directed a revision of nuclear strategy in 1969, he added additional warfighting options aimed at controlling escalation and limiting damage, a practice followed by every subsequent administration.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.494

Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.1059918441

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0402004371

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0283224537

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0153668152

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0054179414

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0041722837

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0024723449

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0008131701

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000691373

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002581225

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.28363E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

18

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Fred Thompson

Now, why do I mention these matters today? For two reasons. First of all, to demonstrate that major revisions in nuclear strategy are nothing new. And, second, to argue that the findings of the Nuclear Posture Review are fully consistent with the values and the goals of past administrations. The Nuclear Posture Review is the beginning of a long-term effort to modernize the Nation's strategy and its forces so that they remain effective in a radically transformed global security environment. But its goals are identical to those of past strategic revisions: to minimize the likelihood of massive attack on the United States and its allies, and to limit the damage if such attacks occur.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.128

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2770881401

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0216203844

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0129877168

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0110954286

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0103178732

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0090388501

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.002760771

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0017739158

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.37071E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.124E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.20039E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.3

Gunning-Fog Score

13.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

34

Sprache Difficult Word Count

41

Fred Thompson

How does it do that? It begins by acknowledging the changes that have occurred in the security environment since our current nuclear posture came into being during the cold war. The Soviet Union is gone, and the nuclear forces that its democratic successors inherited are shrinking fast. In the 8 years since the Clinton administration conducted the first post Soviet nuclear review, 4,000 warheads and 800 nuclear delivery vehicles have been removed from the Russian operational force. That's about a 40 percent reduction.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.103

Leans Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.3041316532

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1580021344

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.1328734681

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0139172029

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0082854451

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0013781888

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0013481495

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.001095445

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0010031988

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005625035

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.000459366

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.6

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

48.8

Gunning-Fog Score

12.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.6

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

30

Sprache Difficult Word Count

28

Fred Thompson

The motivation of Russian leaders has changed also. Their empire, the ideology have ebbed away to be replaced by the normal concerns that any nation would have about sovereignty and security. U.S. military planners today are more concerned about Russian nuclear accidents or theft than they are about deliberate aggression.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.45199

VADER

0.077

Neutral

Moderation

Harassment

0.1445535338

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0291747245

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0138191346

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0038583865

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0024852729

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0023480428

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.000547413

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001416308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001348981

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.2249E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.11613E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

9.7

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

43.9

Gunning-Fog Score

10.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.5

Automated Readability Index

8.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.7

Sprache Readability Score

3.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Fred Thompson

But while the defining threat of the cold war has disappeared, new dangers have emerged. They are more diverse, and we understand them less well. These include half a dozen rogue states with programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and terrorist movements such as al-Qaeda, which may be able to secure the means of mass murder and global commerce. Some of the new aggressors are beyond the reach of traditional deterrence. Some of them are accident prone. And all of them have access to weapons options that did not occur or exist for earlier adversaries.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.94444

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.44444

Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.44444

Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.89794

VADER

-0.987

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.964076072

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0126590763

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0017517737

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0016672491

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0009177055

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.91634E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.78808E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

3.0062E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.45454E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.35847E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.4948E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

63.1

Gunning-Fog Score

12.2

Coleman-Liau Index

11.9

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

8.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

31

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Fred Thompson

With the political and technological landscapes changing rapidly, the Nuclear Posture Review came to the obvious conclusion that many of the assumptions of cold war nuclear strategy may no longer be valid.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.33647

VADER

-0.727

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0729798165

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0185266879

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0166687736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0148488631

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0072108276

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0011786645

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0009778725

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0002408368

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001294058

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

7.64433E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.0204E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

18.4

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Fred Thompson

Recognizing the unpredictability of challenges, even in the near term, the review abandons the traditional threat-driven approach to nuclear planning in favor of a more flexible capabilities-based approach. Now, what does that mean? What it means is that the review identifies military capabilities necessary to cope with the widest range of hypothetical adversaries. In the words of the Quadrennial Defense Review, those capabilities include the capacity to reassure allies, to dissuade competitors, to deter potential aggressors, and to defeat actual enemies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.83321

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.05263

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.05263

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.10008

VADER

-0.517

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0334427459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0074393094

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0041240979

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0017557677

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0014228603

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003440444

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002082472

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.02389E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.514E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.3859E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.0099E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

15.6

Gunning-Fog Score

17.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

34

Sprache Difficult Word Count

37

Fred Thompson

Because the spectrum of actors that must be influenced is very large, the required capabilities are correspondingly diverse. First, the United States must have offensive nuclear forces suitable for surviving surprise attack, and then responding in a measured way to many different contingencies. Second, it must have non-nuclear offensive forces that can hold at risk key enemy assets when a nuclear response would be disproportionate to the provocation, or counterproductive. Third, they must have active and passive defenses, including homeland defenses, to blunt the consequences of an attack on America and its allies. Not just to cope with the failure of deterrence, but also to bolster deterrence itself. Fourth, it must have a resilient command network to maintain control over all of its forces under the most trying circumstances. Fifth, it must have an intelligence system that can find and target the most elusive elements of an enemy's military capabilities. And, finally, as if all this were not enough, it must meet these requirements while facilitating the further shrinkage of the Russian nuclear arsenal, which, even today, represents the vast majority of nuclear weapons outside the United States.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.83333

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.83333

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.03688

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.09091

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.17693

VADER

0.077

Neutral

Moderation

Sexual

0.049509661

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0020263633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0020053551

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0017350132

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0011883416

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005975101

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003009979

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002472293

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0001767833

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001408616

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

1.7963E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

33.4

Gunning-Fog Score

16.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

67

Sprache Difficult Word Count

65

Fred Thompson

The force posture derived from these requirements has been called a "triad," but it bears little resemblance to the collection of planes and missiles that made up the cold war nuclear triad. Only one of its three legs is offensive weapons. The other two legs are defensive measures and a revitalized nuclear infrastructure. Moreover, the offensive leg consists partly of conventional strike systems, with the remaining nuclear weapons representing only a small fraction of the cold war force.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.38462

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.38462

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.74721

VADER

-0.983

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0121202669

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.006425989

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0053566779

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0014501154

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0003315339

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0001712588

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

8.14063E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

5.8791E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.3755E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.543E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.47E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

49.3

Gunning-Fog Score

14

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

27

Sprache Difficult Word Count

25

Fred Thompson

And just as the Bush administration prefers to develop a tiered or multi-layered approach to missile defenses, so it proposes a tiered offensive approach consisting of three layers: operationally deployed weapons, reserve weapons that can be returned to operational duty within months or years, and inactive weapons awaiting destruction that could be refurbished.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.6

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.22378

VADER

-0.929

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0932973286

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0324188819

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0169885519

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0023126811

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0010499761

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0005913549

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004901079

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003225834

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001544148

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

9.37939E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.3592E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

24

Sprache Difficult Word Count

26

Fred Thompson

The existence of a large reserve that acts as a hedge against unforeseen dangers enables the Nuclear Posture Review to embrace major reductions in the nuclear arsenal. As agreed to by the Russians earlier this week, the review envisions reducing the current operational force of 6,000 warheads by a third over the next 5 years, and by two thirds over the next 10 years.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.14286

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.25131

VADER

0.052

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.0222495277

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0074302487

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0069414986

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0009910536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003785867

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001558536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001113255

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

9.80182E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.67974E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.52245E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.922E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

45

Gunning-Fog Score

18.5

Coleman-Liau Index

10.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

21

Fred Thompson

Whether these reductions actually occur will depend on security trends. But recent progress in the development of precision-guided conventional munitions suggest that nuclear cuts might proceed even if threats do not diminish. For example, the Air Force is considering development of a satellite-guide glide bomb that could penetrate 60 feet of extremely hardened material, reducing the need for nuclear weapons in attacking deeply buried bunkers.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.58779

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.06667

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.06667

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.12516

VADER

-0.836

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0567974115

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0434671092

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0337539532

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0054929646

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0019394271

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.001480837

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0013099596

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000416734

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001397566

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

9.21448E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.0929E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

26.3

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

34

Sprache Difficult Word Count

36

Fred Thompson

As of today, the United States actually has no plans to develop new nuclear munitions, and it is proceeding with plans to eliminate whole classes of delivery systems from nuclear service, such as the MX missile and the B-1 bomber.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.51083

VADER

0.153

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.0988456071

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.002041989

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.001447362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0011154025

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0005369536

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0004555983

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004399451

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002269481

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.6173E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.0977E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.385E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

33.2

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

10.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Fred Thompson

The force structure recommended by the Nuclear Posture Review will materially enhance global security. First, it will preserve a stable structure of nuclear deterrence while facilitating huge reductions in the U.S. and Russian arsenals. Second, it will reduce reliance on deterrence by acquiring offensive and defensive capabilities for coping with accident- prone or irrational adversaries. Third, it will provide future Presidents with the widest possible range of options, both nuclear and non-nuclear, for meeting emergent security needs. And, finally, it will retain the flexibility to restore nuclear capabilities, if necessary, by establishing a strategic reserve and revitalizing the nuclear infrastructure. I guess I would say parenthetically that, although I hope Professor Weinberg's view of the future is valid, that, in fact, there is no conceivable reason for needing more nuclear forces than we entertained in the NPR. I think that is more an expression of faith than physics. There's simply no way of knowing what the future holds.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.6

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.22378

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.29032

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.29032

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.57808

VADER

0.807

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1609702013

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0279101019

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0264268339

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0154837326

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0030687355

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0006066753

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005504854

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.38631E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

5.8368E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.21E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.66E-8

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

36.7

Gunning-Fog Score

14.4

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.7

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

70

Sprache Difficult Word Count

68

Fred Thompson

With regard to this latter issue, it's important to bear in mind that the end state the administration envisions for offensive nuclear forces would, on a typical day, consist of only 8 ballistic-missile submarines at sea and no more than 500 single-warhead Minuteman missiles on alert. The rest of the land-based missile force would be gone. Virtually all of the bombers would be dedicated primarily to conventional missions. And many of the 14 subs would be in port.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.99853

VADER

0.202

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

25.6425321102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

3.0697949231

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

1.9692925736

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.8199507371

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.7987949066

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1903487486

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0015353142

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.001358727

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.8701E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.42211E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

9.9635E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

11

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

52.6

Gunning-Fog Score

14

Coleman-Liau Index

11.3

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.5

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

28

Sprache Difficult Word Count

27

Fred Thompson

We may decide in the future that such a force is simply too small, so it is necessary to maintain a reserve force, especially until we rebuild our more abundant nuclear industrial base. Senator Biden, that comment you had at the beginning about losing the young scientists, it's come true. The average scientist now in this system is my age, half a century old.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.052

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.2619672567

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.091635948

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.088639243

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.041456637

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0169212348

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008224785

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002978503

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001471413

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.85325E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.04872E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

2.86454E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

55.6

Gunning-Fog Score

13.5

Coleman-Liau Index

10.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

20

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

Joe Biden

You don't look it.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.2251855796

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0176211543

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0154323046

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0075465658

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0047413399

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0013793446

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0007816276

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003540879

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.19898E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.38863E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.0243E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

1.6

Coleman-Liau Index

3.3

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.2

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

0

Fred Thompson

I feel older.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.1174249453

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0265085197

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0225071868

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0025190007

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0015865531

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0014123976

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004463532

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004302533

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001348285

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.75464E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.9444E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

1.3

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

91

Gunning-Fog Score

1.2

Coleman-Liau Index

3.7

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.4

Sprache Readability Score

1.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

1

Sprache Difficult Word Count

1

Fred Thompson

For the time being, though, I think that the Bush administration has fashioned a prudent and a progressive posture that reflects a fair amount of optimism about the future of world politics.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.56495

VADER

0.7

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.7971001789

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0238516674

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0226684308

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0158575102

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.001946936

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008932674

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0008450453

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.50725E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.83048E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.5725E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.6789E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

36.9

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

9

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Fred Thompson

Thank you.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.09861

VADER

0.361

Somewhat Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.3735182341

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0297953899

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0101150581

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0079392012

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0032278163

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0010279107

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002805569

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

9.42908E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.01552E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.4658E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.441E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

0.8

Coleman-Liau Index

7.6

SMOG Index

3.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

0.1

Sprache Readability Score

0.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

0

Sprache Difficult Word Count

0

Note

[The prepared statement of Dr. Thompson follows:] Prepared Statement of Loren B. Thompson, Ph.D., Chief Operating Officer, Lexington Institute and Adjunct Professor of Security Studies, Georgetown University the nuclear posture review: a necessary evolution in national strategy

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8473

VADER

0.511

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1179122832

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0044585518

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0029175781

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0025595398

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0009069311

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005447621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003331421

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0002078151

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.5232E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.1953E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.811E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

5.2

Gunning-Fog Score

8.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

3.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

19

Sprache Difficult Word Count

22

Fred Thompson

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee, thank you for inviting me to offer my views on the administration's Nuclear Posture Review.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.94591

VADER

0.586

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.2095512822

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.4611701705

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.09466841

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0434021669

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0372219831

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0117515316

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0010699947

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003246781

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001001867

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

7.31285E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.47739E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57.2

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

10.3

Automated Readability Index

7.4

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.6

Sprache Readability Score

2.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

10

Fred Thompson

I'd like to spend a few minutes this morning explaining why the findings of the review are valid, and if implemented will bolster the nation's security.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

2.19722

VADER

0.599

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.1281841309

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0373799907

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0101056765

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0037290687

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0030297091

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0002527744

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001157499

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001077794

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.876E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

4.5751E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.615E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

47

Gunning-Fog Score

15

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

4.5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Fred Thompson

Before doing so, though, allow me to provide some historical context.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

1.60944

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.0669523957

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0073953641

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0023412878

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0015112767

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008360602

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003940167

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.000275731

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.000141424

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.95021E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.7162E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.437E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

57.2

Gunning-Fog Score

8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

9

Automated Readability Index

8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

2.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

4

Sprache Difficult Word Count

5

Fred Thompson

This month marks the 40th anniversary of a major development in American nuclear strategy.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

1.4614324085

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.3708616365

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.1793992589

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0194048975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0129553839

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0047670008

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0035873338

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0006895005

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0004473589

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.74887E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.86291E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

23.4

Gunning-Fog Score

14.2

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

10.5

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.5

Sprache Readability Score

2.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

6

Sprache Difficult Word Count

7

Fred Thompson

On May 5th, 1962, defense secretary Robert McNamara revealed in a secret meeting with NATO allies that the Kennedy Administration was replacing the Eisenhower strategy of "massive retaliation."

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.128

Leans Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.2018821659

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0651020615

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0228847479

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0087076565

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0071410432

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.005312455

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0008855852

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0007638141

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.31717E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.0027E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.488E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0.2

Gunning-Fog Score

18.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

9.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Fred Thompson

The nuclear war plan the new administration had inherited contained only option -- an all-out attack against every major city in Russia, China and Eastern Europe that would kill between 360 and 425 million people.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.914

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.2942360705

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0209963357

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0174280067

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0024286061

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0014720988

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0010831516

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002144185

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001719455

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001369567

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

9.43449E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.56392E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

33.5

Gunning-Fog Score

18.6

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

4.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Fred Thompson

There were no provisions for withholding a strategic reserve, or preserving control over forces once war began, or trying to induce restraint in Soviet behavior.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-2.19722

VADER

-0.727

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

2.1760743111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.1982922666

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.186491909

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0019514082

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0016093394

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0011304408

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0002288129

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.57966E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.9803E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.378E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.542E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

29.2

Gunning-Fog Score

18

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.7

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

12

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Fred Thompson

McNamara thought massive retaliation was lunacy -- dangerous and unbelievable -- so in spring of 1962 he approved a new war plan that focused on limiting the damage from a nuclear exchange.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.95551

VADER

-0.612

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

0.0797644141

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.0514117477

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0231202255

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0014405703

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0011411533

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003250692

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002760864

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001659516

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.949E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.756E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

1.194E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

26.9

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

12

Fred Thompson

The new plan contained several options, including that of avoiding attacks on Russian cities to encourage similar restraint on the other side.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

1

Very Positive

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.33647

VADER

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.2114727199

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

3.0834231526

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.2642807551

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1666195109

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.058535859

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0467164587

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0051434163

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.001131172

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0009067753

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002415174

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001919162

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

30.7

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.1

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Fred Thompson

Although today we remember Robert McNamara as the father of "mutual assured destruction," the possibility of restraint reflected in his 1962 war plan remained national strategy for the rest of his tenure, and beyond.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.2

Leans Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.33647

VADER

-0.727

Very Negative

Moderation

Harassment

1.5764160082

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence

0.2491665771

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0927571848

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.041334072

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0010650561

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0005065448

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002196581

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002192874

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001122621

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.05936E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

3.41152E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

20.5

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.2

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Fred Thompson

When President Nixon directed a revision of nuclear strategy in 1969, he added additional warfighting options aimed at controlling escalation and limiting destruction, a practice followed by every subsequent administration.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.572

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.6197825074

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0285778282

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0178318223

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0166033395

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0112575915

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0071491042

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.002561305

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0021712198

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.73282E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.76491E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.20068E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

10

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

19

Sprache Difficult Word Count

18

Fred Thompson

I have two reasons for mentioning these matters today -- first, to demonstrate that major revisions in nuclear strategy are nothing new; and second, to argue that the findings of the Nuclear Posture Review are fully consistent with the values and goals of past administrations. The Nuclear Posture Review is the beginning of a long-term effort to modernize the nation's nuclear strategy and forces so that they remain effective in a radically transformed global security environment.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.33333

Somewhat Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.51083

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.4

Somewhat Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.76214

VADER

0.71

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

0.067235087

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0039579099

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0006797009

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0006433274

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004434819

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002609824

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001370258

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001094875

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.51348E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.6678E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

4.7878E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

21.3

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.1

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

25

Sprache Difficult Word Count

29

Fred Thompson

But its goals are identical to those of past strategic revisions: to minimize the likelihood of massive attack on the United States and its allies, and to limit the damage if such attacks occur.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-2.19722

VADER

-0.751

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.1709678909

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0273319019

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.005659489

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0013525267

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.000790195

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003388288

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0001612633

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

5.63968E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.04698E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.02557E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.4118E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

35.5

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

11.6

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

14

Fred Thompson

How does it do that? Step One: Defining the Threat

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.09861

VADER

-0.527

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2467884449

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0095844793

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.004458335

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0012688131

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008936482

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

7.97015E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

4.65222E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

7.1271E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

1.7529E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.283E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.732E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

0.5

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

100

Gunning-Fog Score

2

Coleman-Liau Index

7.1

SMOG Index

7.3

Automated Readability Index

0

Dale-Chall Readability Score

3.4

Sprache Readability Score

1.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

2

Sprache Difficult Word Count

2

Fred Thompson

It begins by acknowledging the changes that have occurred in the security environment since our current nuclear posture came into being during the Cold War.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.361

Somewhat Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.0238452791

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0058401933

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0009678976

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0005788126

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0005689468

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0004516172

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0004043742

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001408788

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001204851

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

6.81111E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.56653E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

35.9

Gunning-Fog Score

14.8

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.7

Sprache Readability Score

4.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

Fred Thompson

The Soviet Union is gone, and the nuclear force inherited by its democratic successors is shrinking fast.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0.273

Slightly Positive

Moderation

Violence

28.0999213457

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

1.5408136882

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.5870292429

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.3725692164

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.234565069

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0471366453

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0006351277

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0005460391

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0003784628

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0002742218

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.50204E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

35.3

Gunning-Fog Score

13.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

11.2

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.3

Sprache Readability Score

3.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

8

Fred Thompson

In the eight years since the Clinton Administration conducted the first post-Soviet nuclear review, 4000 warheads and 800 delivery vehicles have been removed from the Russian operational force -- roughly a 40% reduction.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

1.9717874005

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0907387119

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0445354672

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0131868088

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0059699134

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0033625191

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003158389

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0001885254

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0001178293

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001154202

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

6.95252E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

29.8

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Fred Thompson

The motivation of Russian leaders has changed too -- their empire and ideology have ebbed away, to be replaced by the normal concerns that any nation has about sovereignty and security.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.5

Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.8473

VADER

0.586

Very Positive

Moderation

Violence

2.6063274592

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.4301660694

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.2216192428

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0476370362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0280742825

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0107796921

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0011283373

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0002455997

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

6.63378E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.79259E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.51376E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

26.9

Gunning-Fog Score

17.3

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.8

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

12

Sprache Difficult Word Count

13

Fred Thompson

U.S. military planners today are more concerned about Russian nuclear accidents or theft than they are about deliberate aggression.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-2.19722

VADER

-0.542

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.7303427439

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0153417204

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0113703856

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0037737474

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0016594589

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0010870654

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0010441217

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0010088756

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001022393

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

7.20274E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

4.96118E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.8

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

43.6

Gunning-Fog Score

10.7

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

9.9

Automated Readability Index

7.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

2.2

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Fred Thompson

But while the defining threat of the Cold War has disappeared, new dangers have emerged that are more diverse and less understood.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.71429

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.71429

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-1.46634

VADER

-0.908

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.5912258998

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0307032111

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0096921496

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0057167421

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0014768348

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.000291725

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

6.4434E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

7.7068E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.5969E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.2845E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.9038E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

10.2

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

61.5

Gunning-Fog Score

16.1

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.1

Sprache Readability Score

3.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

7

Fred Thompson

These include half a dozen rogue states with programs to develop weapons of mass destruction, and terrorist movements such as Al Qaeda that may be able to secure the means of mass murder in global commerce.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.8473

VADER

-0.939

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

8.8347300887

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.619354751

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.5377639085

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.4176674876

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.3037970746

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0192706662

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0047970851

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0043654953

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001038417

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

2.85371E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.60765E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

45.7

Gunning-Fog Score

17.7

Coleman-Liau Index

11.8

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.9

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

17

Fred Thompson

Some of the new aggressors are beyond the reach of traditional deterrence; some are accident-prone; and all have options afforded by new technology that were not available to earlier enemies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.25131

VADER

-0.612

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2672188682

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0016745438

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0010994241

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0008628412

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0006412753

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0003787351

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0001524459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

7.29039E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

2.5473E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

4.769E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

1.35E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

22.5

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

6.6

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

10

Sprache Difficult Word Count

11

Fred Thompson

With the political and technological landscapes changing rapidly, the Nuclear Posture Review concluded that many of the assumptions of Cold War nuclear strategy may no longer be valid. Step Two: Determining Requirements

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

0

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.727

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

1.8845168874

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.1663899049

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0948396686

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0856833649

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0200400216

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.012429124

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0064479886

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0019458148

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

0.0008097975

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005546362

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0003417302

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

26.7

Gunning-Fog Score

13.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.7

Sprache Readability Score

3.8

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

14

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Fred Thompson

Recognizing the unpredictability of challenges even in the near- term, the review abandons the traditional threat-driven approach to nuclear planning in favor of a more flexible, capabilities-based approach.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-2.19722

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0.25

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0.25

Slightly Positive

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0.45199

VADER

0.434

Positive

Moderation

Violence

1.8499441445

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0825974625

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0746121048

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0442573772

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0373852818

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0146888429

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0023433786

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0003355616

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

7.81719E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

3.9331E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.64834E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

4.4

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.3

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

13

Sprache Difficult Word Count

16

Fred Thompson

In other words, it identifies the military capabilities necessary to cope with the widest range of hypothetical adversaries.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

-0.25

Slightly Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.6205060519

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0165193749

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0092272487

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0067079258

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0036659567

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0018403762

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0005331328

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0004112874

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0003507628

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.34713E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

5.62924E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0.6

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.8

Sprache Readability Score

3.6

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

9

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Fred Thompson

In the words of the Quadrennial Defense Review, those capabilities include the capacity to reassure allies, dissuade competitors, deter potential aggressors and defeat actual enemies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.94591

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.20067

VADER

-0.637

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.8129317313

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0878149876

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0386523403

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.007853991

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0053246022

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0046551668

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0040997194

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0030053676

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0005011154

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001187087

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

6.3345E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

0

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

8.8

Sprache Readability Score

4.9

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

12

Sprache Difficult Word Count

15

Fred Thompson

Because the spectrum of actors that must be influenced is large, the required capabilities are correspondingly diverse.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

0

Neutral

Harvard-IV (Logit)

0

VADER

0

Neutral

Moderation

Violence

0.4031127784

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0095107876

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0054326811

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0031439187

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0022851347

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0005618006

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0002016936

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0001538286

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0001226555

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

3.65039E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

1.52296E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

25.4

Gunning-Fog Score

13.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.3

Sprache Readability Score

3.3

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

7

Sprache Difficult Word Count

7

Fred Thompson

First, the U.S. must have offensive nuclear forces suitable for surviving surprise attack and then responding in a measured way to many different contingencies.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.09861

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.14286

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.25131

VADER

-0.422

Negative

Moderation

Violence

4.5250270516

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0420252996

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0155244459

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0104753228

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0047209964

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0023980752

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

0.0013737601

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

0.0013564212

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0002810331

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

5.07209E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

2.58048E-5

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

8.4

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

49.5

Gunning-Fog Score

12.9

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

11.3

Automated Readability Index

7.8

Dale-Chall Readability Score

5.5

Sprache Readability Score

2.4

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

8

Sprache Difficult Word Count

9

Fred Thompson

Second, it must have non-nuclear offensive forces that can hold at risk key enemy assets when a nuclear response would be disproportionate to the provocation, or counter-productive.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-1

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-1.60944

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.11111

Leans Negative

Harvard-IV (Logit)

-0.20067

VADER

-0.785

Very Negative

Moderation

Violence

0.2943540225

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Violence > Graphic

0.0042416799

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment > Threatening

0.0041345491

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate > Threatening

0.0014420878

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual

0.0011275381

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Harassment

0.0009595004

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Sexual > Minors

0.0003507498

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Hate

0.0001269214

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm

8.2519E-6

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Instructions

8.164E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Self-Harm > Intent

8.135E-7

OpenAI Moderation v1 (007)

Readability

Flesch-Kincaid Grade

12

Flesch-Kincaid Ease

28.6

Gunning-Fog Score

19

Coleman-Liau Index

12

SMOG Index

12

Automated Readability Index

12

Dale-Chall Readability Score

7.4

Sprache Readability Score

5

Dale-Chall Difficult Word Score

11

Sprache Difficult Word Count

11

Fred Thompson

Third, it must have active and passive defenses to blunt the consequences of an attack on America and its allies, both to bolster deterrence and cope with its failure.

Sentiment

Loughran McDonald (Relative)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Absolute)

-0.5

Very Negative

Loughran McDonald (Logit)

-0.8473

Harvard-IV (Relative)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

Harvard-IV (Absolute)

-0.2

Slightly Negative

S. Hrg. 107-677 - Examining the Nuclear Posture Review

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Note

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Note

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Richard Lugar

Joe Biden

Chuck Hagel

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Serrin Foster

Joe Biden

William L. Owens

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Note

Joe Biden